Self-Assessed Quality of Sleep Among 300-level and 400-level Nursing Students at Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State
Chapter One
Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to assess the self-reported sleep quality among 300-level and 400-level nursing students at Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State. This study aims to achieve the following objectives:
- To evaluate the self-assessed sleep quality of nursing students at Madonna University.
- To explore the factors contributing to poor sleep quality among nursing students.
- To investigate the relationship between self-assessed sleep quality and academic performance among nursing students.\
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Conceptual Review
Sleep and Its Importance to Health
Sleep is a vital component of human life, essential for maintaining mental, emotional, and physical well-being. It is a natural process that allows the body and mind to rest, recover, and rejuvenate. Sleep consists of different stages that contribute to overall health, including rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. Non-REM sleep is divided into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, where the body gradually transitions from light to deep sleep. REM sleep, on the other hand, is characterized by vivid dreams and plays a critical role in brain development and cognitive functions. Understanding these stages is crucial because disruptions to any phase of sleep can lead to various health problems (Obi & Obi, 2018).
One of the most important functions of sleep is its role in maintaining mental health. Adequate sleep helps regulate mood and improve emotional resilience. Sleep deprivation, even for a short period, can significantly impact a person’s emotional regulation, leading to increased irritability, mood swings, and anxiety. Long-term sleep deficiency has been linked to the development of mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. In fact, research indicates that individuals who consistently sleep less than six hours per night are more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety than those who get adequate sleep (Alkhatlan, 2019).
Furthermore, sleep is essential for cognitive functioning. During sleep, particularly in the deep sleep stage (N3), the brain consolidates memories, processes new information, and removes toxins that accumulate during wakefulness. This process enhances learning and problem-solving skills, which are critical for academic and professional success. Conversely, insufficient or poor-quality sleep negatively affects concentration, attention, and decision-making abilities. Studies have shown that students who experience sleep deprivation are more likely to have difficulty retaining information and performing well on tests (Kalu & Amaechi, 2021).
In addition to its cognitive and emotional benefits, sleep plays a vital role in maintaining physical health. During sleep, the body repairs tissues, builds muscle, and strengthens the immune system. This restorative process is particularly important for the immune system, as it allows the production of cytokines, proteins that fight off infections, inflammation, and stress. Chronic sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses such as the common cold and other infections. Moreover, poor sleep has been associated with an increased risk of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity (Oke et al., 2020).
The connection between sleep and the immune system is further emphasized by the body’s circadian rhythm, the internal clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles. The circadian rhythm influences many biological processes, including hormone production, digestion, and body temperature regulation. Disruptions to this rhythm, such as irregular sleep patterns, can lead to metabolic and hormonal imbalances, contributing to a range of health issues. For instance, people who frequently work night shifts or have irregular sleep schedules are at a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders, obesity, and even certain types of cancer (Idowu, 2020).
In modern society, many people experience disruptions to their sleep due to lifestyle choices, work demands, and environmental factors. The use of electronic devices before bedtime, for instance, has been shown to interfere with the body’s ability to fall asleep. The blue light emitted by smartphones, tablets, and computers suppresses the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. As a result, individuals who frequently use electronic devices before bed are more likely to experience difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, leading to sleep deprivation (Balogun et al., 2020).
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The research design is the framework that guides the collection and analysis of data in a study. This study employed a quantitative survey research design, which is particularly effective for collecting numerical data that can be analyzed statistically. Quantitative research is distinguished by its structured approach, enabling researchers to formulate hypotheses, gather data, and analyze the results systematically (Bell et al., 2019). This approach allowed for the examination of relationships between variables, specifically focusing on the sleep quality, academic performance, and stress levels among nursing students. The justification for utilizing a quantitative survey design stemmed from its ability to provide statistically significant insights that can be generalized to a larger population, thereby increasing the external validity of the study (Saunders et al., 2019).
Furthermore, the quantitative survey design facilitated the use of standardized instruments for data collection, ensuring consistency and reliability across responses. The structured questionnaire allowed for the gathering of data on specific variables, such as sleep quality and academic stress, enabling the researcher to perform statistical analyses effectively. Previous studies have demonstrated the utility of survey methods in educational research, particularly in assessing student experiences and outcomes (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). By employing a quantitative survey research design, this study aimed to provide objective, data-driven insights into the sleep quality and academic challenges faced by nursing students, thus contributing to the existing body of knowledge in this area.
Population of the Study
The target population for this study consisted of nursing students at Madonna University, with a specific focus on 300-level and 400-level students. The total population of nursing students at the university was estimated at 1,200 respondents. This choice of target population was justified based on the unique academic and clinical challenges faced by nursing students, which often differ from those encountered by students in other disciplines. Nursing students typically experience rigorous academic schedules, high levels of stress, and demanding clinical placements that may significantly affect their sleep quality and overall academic performance (Madhav et al., 2023; Owolabi et al., 2020).
By concentrating on this specific population, the study aimed to generate insights that are particularly relevant to nursing education and practice. Focusing on 300-level and 400-level students was essential, as these cohorts typically have more exposure to clinical practice and higher academic demands compared to lower-level students. Additionally, exploring the experiences of students in their penultimate and final years allowed for a more in-depth understanding of the cumulative effects of academic stress on sleep quality. As such, targeting a population of 1,200 respondents provided a solid foundation for collecting data that could accurately reflect the experiences of nursing students at Madonna University.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Data Presentation
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
The findings of this study focused on the self-assessed quality of sleep among 300-level and 400-level nursing students at Madonna University, providing a detailed understanding of the factors influencing sleep patterns, the relationship between sleep quality and academic performance, and the overall implications for students’ well-being. Using a structured questionnaire, data was collected from 109 respondents, leading to significant insights into the challenges nursing students face in maintaining good sleep quality amidst their demanding academic programs.
The demographic analysis of the sample revealed a diverse group of nursing students, comprising individuals from different age groups, genders, and levels of study. This demographic variety allowed for the exploration of sleep-related trends across different segments of the nursing student population. The results indicated that a majority of the students reported sleeping less than the recommended 7 to 9 hours per night, with a notable 68.8% of respondents indicating they typically slept between 4 to 6 hours. This finding is concerning, as inadequate sleep is associated with numerous negative outcomes, including diminished cognitive functioning, increased stress levels, and a higher likelihood of experiencing mental health issues. The prevalence of insufficient sleep duration aligns with previous studies that have highlighted similar trends among university students, indicating that sleep deprivation is a pervasive issue in this demographic.
The study identified several factors contributing to the poor sleep quality reported by nursing students. Among these factors, academic pressures emerged as a prominent theme. Nearly half of the respondents (48.6%) reported difficulty falling asleep due to the stress associated with their academic workload. This finding resonates with existing literature, which consistently demonstrates that academic stress is a significant contributor to sleep disturbances among college students. The data suggests that the high demands of nursing education, including heavy coursework and clinical responsibilities, significantly impact students’ sleep patterns, leading to heightened stress levels and a reduced ability to achieve restorative sleep.
Environmental factors were also found to significantly influence sleep quality. Over half of the participants (53.2%) believed that their sleep environment, including aspects such as noise and light, affected their ability to obtain restful sleep. This finding underscores the importance of creating an optimal sleep environment, as external factors can disrupt sleep patterns. The results indicate that students’ sleep quality could be improved through interventions aimed at minimizing environmental disturbances, such as noise reduction strategies or promoting the use of blackout curtains to limit light exposure during the night.
Another critical aspect of the findings pertained to the relationship between self-assessed sleep quality and academic performance. A substantial portion of the respondents (53.2%) indicated that they performed better academically after a good night’s sleep. This finding reinforces the notion that sleep plays a crucial role in cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and problem-solving, which are vital for academic success. Furthermore, nearly half of the participants (46.8%) believed that their academic stress negatively affected their sleep quality, which subsequently impacted their grades. This cycle of academic stress leading to poor sleep quality, which in turn affects academic performance, is well-documented in the literature and highlights the interconnected nature of these variables. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving sleep quality could have a positive impact on students’ academic performance.
The study also explored the influence of physical health and lifestyle factors on sleep quality. The results revealed that students’ physical health, including their diet and exercise habits, significantly affected their sleep. More than half of the respondents (53.2%) believed that their physical health impacted their sleep. This correlation aligns with existing literature, indicating that lifestyle factors play a crucial role in sleep patterns among young adults. Poor dietary choices and a lack of physical activity can lead to sleep disturbances, suggesting that promoting a healthy lifestyle could be an essential strategy for improving sleep quality among nursing students. Encouraging students to engage in regular physical activity and maintain a balanced diet may not only enhance their sleep quality but also contribute positively to their overall health and well-being.
The findings also revealed a concerning trend regarding technology use and its impact on sleep quality. A significant number of respondents (42.2%) reported that using electronic devices before bedtime negatively affected their ability to sleep well. This observation reflects a growing concern in today’s digital age, where increased screen time is associated with poorer sleep quality due to the blue light emitted by screens. Encouraging students to limit their use of electronic devices in the hours leading up to bedtime could be a practical intervention to enhance sleep quality, potentially leading to improved academic performance.
Additionally, the study highlighted the unique challenges faced by nursing students regarding clinical practice. Many respondents indicated that the demands of clinical rotations and study loads significantly contributed to their sleep difficulties. This observation echoes findings from previous research that identified the rigorous schedules and high workload associated with nursing education as factors leading to increased stress and sleep disturbances. The pressure to balance clinical responsibilities with academic requirements creates a stressful environment, making it difficult for students to achieve adequate rest. This underscores the need for academic institutions to recognize and address the specific challenges faced by nursing students to promote better sleep health.
The findings also indicated a significant relationship between sleep quality and the students’ perceived mental and physical well-being. Nearly half of the participants (47.7%) expressed feeling rested upon waking, while others reported feelings of fatigue and lack of refreshment. This discrepancy highlights the need for improved sleep hygiene practices among nursing students, as poor sleep hygiene can lead to chronic sleep deprivation and associated health problems. Establishing healthy sleep habits, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and managing stress effectively, could help improve sleep quality among nursing students.
In summary, the findings of this study illuminate the multifaceted nature of sleep quality among nursing students at Madonna University. The results reveal a concerning prevalence of inadequate sleep duration, with academic pressures, environmental factors, and physical health all playing significant roles in shaping students’ sleep experiences. Furthermore, the relationship between sleep quality and academic performance underscores the critical need for interventions aimed at improving sleep health among nursing students.
As the demands of nursing education continue to evolve, it is essential for academic institutions to recognize the importance of student well-being and the role that sleep plays in their academic success. By prioritizing sleep health and addressing the factors that contribute to sleep disturbances, nursing programs can foster an environment that supports both academic achievement and overall health. This study serves as a valuable contribution to the understanding of sleep quality among nursing students, highlighting the need for further research and targeted interventions to promote better sleep hygiene and, ultimately, better academic outcomes.
Implications of Findings
The findings of this study on self-assessed sleep quality among nursing students at Madonna University have significant implications for the nursing profession and general health. Given the critical role that sleep plays in physical health, mental well-being, and academic performance, the insights gained from this research highlight the need for nursing education programs to prioritize sleep health as an essential component of student well-being and professional preparedness.
First, the study underscores the necessity for nursing programs to address the sleep challenges faced by students. The identified prevalence of poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep duration among nursing students suggests that the demands of nursing education may contribute to sleep disturbances. As nursing students often juggle academic responsibilities, clinical practice, and personal life, they may experience elevated levels of stress that negatively impact their sleep quality. The implications of this finding extend to nursing educators and administrators, who should consider implementing support systems aimed at promoting better sleep hygiene. This could involve creating awareness about the importance of sleep, offering workshops on effective time management and stress-reduction techniques, and fostering an environment that encourages students to prioritize their sleep health. By addressing these issues, nursing programs can help students develop healthy sleep habits, ultimately contributing to their overall well-being.
Moreover, the findings indicate a strong relationship between sleep quality and academic performance. Given that nursing education is already rigorous and demanding, poor sleep quality can hinder students’ cognitive functioning, decision-making abilities, and overall academic success. For the nursing profession, this translates into potential gaps in knowledge and skills among new graduates, which could impact the quality of patient care. Therefore, it is crucial for nursing educators to recognize the direct link between sleep health and academic achievement and to implement strategies that support students in achieving adequate rest. This might include adjusting academic schedules to allow for more manageable workloads or integrating sleep health education into the curriculum. By fostering an understanding of the importance of sleep among nursing students, educational institutions can help ensure that future nurses are not only academically prepared but also equipped to provide high-quality patient care.
In addition to implications for nursing education, the study’s findings have broader implications for public health. The connection between sleep quality and overall health is well-established, as poor sleep has been linked to a range of negative health outcomes, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, depression, and anxiety. Given that nursing students are future healthcare providers, their health and well-being are crucial not only for their personal success but also for the populations they will serve. Encouraging nursing students to adopt healthier sleep habits can have a ripple effect on public health. When healthcare professionals prioritize their own health and well-being, they are better positioned to promote similar behaviors in their patients and communities.
Furthermore, the recognition of environmental factors influencing sleep quality highlights the need for healthcare settings, including hospitals and clinics, to foster sleep-friendly environments for both staff and patients. By understanding the importance of a conducive sleep environment, healthcare facilities can implement policies and practices that enhance sleep quality. This could involve reducing noise levels, ensuring comfortable bedding, and creating spaces that allow for rest and relaxation. The impact of these changes can significantly improve the overall well-being of healthcare workers, reducing burnout and improving job satisfaction, ultimately leading to better patient care.
The study also emphasizes the importance of integrating education about lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, into nursing curricula. Given that physical health is closely linked to sleep quality, promoting healthy lifestyle choices can lead to improved sleep and overall health among nursing students. Teaching students about the significance of maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and practicing stress management techniques can empower them to take control of their health and well-being.
Conclusion
The results of the hypotheses tested in this study on self-assessed sleep quality among nursing students at Madonna University highlight critical insights into the complex relationship between sleep, academic performance, and overall health. The first hypothesis, which posited no significant difference in self-assessed sleep quality between 300-level and 400-level nursing students, was rejected, indicating that students’ academic levels significantly influence their sleep quality. This finding suggests that as nursing students progress in their studies, the increasing academic demands may lead to poorer sleep quality, emphasizing the need for targeted support for students at different stages of their education.
The second hypothesis explored the relationship between self-assessed sleep quality and academic performance, and it was also rejected. The results indicated a significant correlation between sleep quality and academic performance, confirming that students who reported better sleep quality tended to perform better academically. This finding underscores the importance of prioritizing sleep health within nursing education to enhance academic outcomes and prepare competent future nurses.
Lastly, the hypothesis concerning the factors affecting sleep quality among nursing students was rejected, suggesting that clinical practice, study load, and personal issues significantly impact sleep quality. These results call for nursing programs to implement strategies that address these challenges, such as providing resources for stress management and fostering a supportive academic environment.
In conclusion, the findings of this study reveal significant relationships between sleep quality, academic performance, and the various factors affecting nursing students’ sleep. Addressing these issues is crucial for enhancing the well-being of nursing students and ensuring their effectiveness as future healthcare providers. By promoting healthy sleep practices, nursing education can contribute to the development of competent and resilient professionals equipped to deliver high-quality patient care.
Recommendations
Based on the research objectives related to the self-assessed quality of sleep among nursing students, the following recommendations are proposed:
- Implement Sleep Education Programs: Nursing schools should incorporate sleep education into the curriculum, emphasizing the importance of sleep hygiene and its impact on academic performance and overall health. Workshops or seminars can be organized to teach students effective strategies for improving sleep quality, such as establishing a regular sleep schedule, creating a conducive sleep environment, and managing academic stress.
- Provide Academic Support and Resources: To mitigate the academic pressures that affect sleep quality, nursing programs should offer academic support services, including tutoring, counseling, and time management workshops. These resources can help students balance their study loads and clinical responsibilities more effectively, reducing the likelihood of sleep disturbances related to academic stress.
- Enhance Mental Health Services: Given the significant impact of personal issues and stress on sleep quality, nursing institutions should strengthen mental health support services. This could include access to counseling, stress management programs, and peer support groups to help students address personal challenges that may interfere with their sleep.
- Create a Supportive Learning Environment: Nursing schools should foster a supportive learning environment that encourages open communication between students and faculty. Faculty members can play a crucial role by being aware of the challenges students face and providing flexibility in assignment deadlines and expectations when necessary. This support can help alleviate academic stress and promote better sleep quality.
- Conduct Further Research: Future research should explore the long-term effects of sleep quality on nursing students’ academic performance and clinical practice. Longitudinal studies could provide deeper insights into how sleep patterns evolve throughout the nursing program and their correlation with various factors, such as clinical placements and workload. Understanding these dynamics can inform more effective interventions and policies to support nursing students’ well-being.
Contribution to Knowledge
The findings from this research contribute significantly to the body of knowledge regarding the self-assessed quality of sleep among nursing students, shedding light on the intricate relationship between sleep quality and various factors influencing academic performance. By exploring the interplay between academic stress, personal issues, and sleep quality, the study highlights the unique challenges faced by nursing students, a demographic often subjected to rigorous academic and clinical demands. This exploration provides valuable insights that can inform educational policies and practices within nursing programs, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions that address the specific stressors faced by students in this field.
Moreover, the research underscores the critical link between sleep quality and academic performance among nursing students. Previous studies have established a connection between poor sleep and decreased cognitive function, yet this research adds depth to the understanding of how sleep deprivation directly impacts the academic outcomes of nursing students. By quantitatively measuring the effects of sleep quality on various aspects of academic performance, including concentration, focus, and overall academic success, the study provides a robust framework for future research to build upon. This contributes to the growing literature that advocates for improved sleep practices as a means to enhance academic achievement in demanding fields like nursing.
In addition to academic performance, the study contributes to the understanding of how clinical practice and personal factors influence sleep quality. The findings indicate that nursing students experience unique stressors that can compromise their sleep, including the pressures of clinical placements and personal life challenges. By documenting these factors, the research emphasizes the need for nursing programs to develop comprehensive support systems that address not only the academic requirements but also the emotional and psychological well-being of students. This holistic approach can ultimately lead to improved outcomes for nursing students, as their overall health is closely intertwined with their professional development.
Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of sleep hygiene and self-care practices among nursing students. By identifying specific factors that contribute to poor sleep quality, such as study loads, academic stress, and the use of electronic devices, the research advocates for the incorporation of sleep education into nursing curricula. This contribution is particularly relevant as it encourages the development of self-care habits that students can carry into their professional lives. By prioritizing sleep hygiene, nursing students may not only improve their academic performance but also better equip themselves for the demanding nature of their future roles as healthcare providers.
Finally, the research lays the groundwork for future studies aimed at exploring interventions to improve sleep quality among nursing students. By identifying the significant relationships between academic stress, sleep quality, and overall health, this study provides a foundation for developing evidence-based strategies and policies that promote better sleep habits within nursing education. Future researchers can build on these findings to assess the effectiveness of specific interventions, such as stress management programs or sleep education initiatives, further enhancing the understanding of sleep’s role in academic and clinical success. Ultimately, this contribution to knowledge serves to foster a healthier, more productive environment for nursing students, promoting their well-being and ensuring they are prepared to meet the demands of their profession.
Limitations of the Study
This study faced several limitations that may have affected the findings and their generalizability. One notable limitation was the sample size, which comprised 109 nursing students from a single institution, Madonna University. This limited demographic may not fully represent the broader population of nursing students across different regions or institutions. The unique academic culture and environmental factors at Madonna University could influence the results, making it difficult to generalize the findings to nursing students in other contexts. Additionally, the study relied on self-reported data regarding sleep quality and academic performance, which may be subject to biases such as social desirability or inaccurate self-assessment. Participants might have underreported their difficulties or overestimated their academic performance, potentially skewing the data.
Another limitation of the study was its cross-sectional design, which provided a snapshot of the participants’ experiences at a single point in time. This design does not allow for the examination of causal relationships or changes in sleep quality and academic performance over time. Longitudinal studies would be more effective in capturing how these variables evolve, particularly as nursing students progress through their programs and encounter different challenges. Moreover, external factors such as personal life events, financial stressors, and changes in academic workload were not controlled for in this study, which may have impacted the respondents’ sleep quality and academic outcomes. Addressing these limitations in future research could provide more comprehensive insights into the factors affecting sleep quality among nursing students and help develop effective interventions to support their well-being.
Suggestions for Further Studies
Further studies should aim to explore the multifaceted relationship between sleep quality, academic performance, and various influencing factors among nursing students. Given the limitations of this study, future research could benefit from utilizing a larger, more diverse sample across multiple institutions to enhance the generalizability of the findings. Incorporating students from various geographical locations and educational settings would provide a broader perspective on how contextual factors may influence sleep quality and academic performance among nursing students.
Additionally, longitudinal studies should be conducted to examine how sleep quality and academic performance evolve over time. Such studies could track nursing students’ experiences throughout their academic careers, capturing changes in sleep patterns, stress levels, and academic outcomes. This approach would allow researchers to identify causal relationships and better understand the long-term effects of sleep quality on academic success.
Moreover, future research should investigate specific interventions aimed at improving sleep quality among nursing students. This could include evaluating the effectiveness of sleep hygiene education, stress management programs, and time management strategies on enhancing sleep quality and academic performance. By assessing the impact of these interventions, researchers could provide evidence-based recommendations for nursing programs to implement support systems that promote better sleep hygiene and overall well-being among students.
Exploring the role of personal factors, such as lifestyle choices, mental health status, and coping mechanisms, would also be valuable. Understanding how these factors interact with academic responsibilities and sleep quality could help identify at-risk populations within nursing students. Finally, qualitative studies that capture students’ lived experiences regarding sleep and academic pressures could provide deeper insights into the challenges they face and the coping strategies they employ, informing future interventions and support services in nursing education.
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