Effects of Watching Pornographic Materials
Chapter One
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of the study;
- To find out if viewing pornographic films have negative effect on youths of Holy Child and Ritman secondary schools in Ikot Ekpene.
- To find out if viewing pornographic films bring about increased sexual urge.
- To determine if parents educate their children on the effects of viewing pornographic films
- To find out if youths are influenced by viewing pornographic films
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
Film was introduced into Nigeria in the 1900’s by the British colonialist who used it for propaganda purposes, while the church used it to spread the Gospel. The Colonial Administration and the Church saw film not only as a medium of entertainment but as an effective medium of communication [Akpabio, 2003]. The British colonialist with the Christian missionaries used film amongst other media to persuade Nigerians to accept Christianity, education and the western culture. On Monday, August 12, 1903, the first motion picture was shown in Nigeria at the Glover Memorial hall in Lagos by Mr. Balboa of Barcelona, Spain, under the management of a Nigerian Herbert Macaulay, who later closed his exhibition in Lagos and left to continue showing films in other West African countries. After his departure, an enterprising European merchant, Stanley Jones, began to show films in the same Glover Memorial Hall, and he showed his first films in November 1903, [Mgbejume, 1989], gradually it grew and became popular in the 1960’s. The Nigeria Home Movie industry thus, began from there. Television broadcasting in Nigeria began in 1960’s and received government support in its early years, but by the mid-1980’s, every State had its own broadcasting station. Laws were made by the broadcast governing bodies to limit foreign program contents, however, the National Commission recommends a 60-40 local –foreign programme ratio for all broadcast stations, and so producers in Lagos began televising local popular theater productions. Many of these were later circulated on video and as a result, a small scale informal video movie trade developed. Nigerian film is thus a video movie industry which Nigerians call ‘home video’. This small local market in videos has exploded into a booming industry that has pushed foreign movies off the shelves in most African countries, and is now marketed in many parts of the world, but especially on the African continent. Nollywood films were initially produced with traditional analog video, such as Beta cam SP, but today in Nigeria, movies are produced using digital video technology. Call to remember in 1992, on the release of ‘Living in Bondage’, a film about a businessman whose dealings with a money cult result in the death of his wife, as the industry’s first blockbuster. Since then thousands of movies have been released. The Nigerian Home Movie industry is rated as the third-largest after Hollywood and Bollywood, releasing about 200 films per month [Cinema of Nigeria, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]. A Nigerian Film Institute was established in November 1995 in Jos. This establishment has helped greatly in developing talents for the Nigerian Movie Industry, hence, cinema in Nigeria from there began to blossom. However, the Nigerian film industry emerged over time, but the cost of production greatly hampered its progress. Film makers who were unable to cope with cost of shooting on celluloid turned to reversal film stock and later on video tapes [ibid]. So unlike America and India, the Nigerian film industry uses the video cassette format and recently the video compact Disc [VCD]. As a consequence, most Nigerian films are not shown in Cinema houses since they are shot straight into video tapes, replicated and sold for home viewing The boom of Nigerian home video industry that is currently experiencing is credited to Nigerian businessmen of Igbo extraction, particularly Kenneth Nnebue, an electronic dealer and film promoter who taught that a retail market could be opened up by the sale of video. Kenneth Nnebue’s first film ‘Aje Ni Iya Mi’ in 1989 was very profitable and also served as a booster to home video productions, in spite of the fact that it was actually Yoruba traveling theatre artistes who began making video films in 1970’s. The early Nigerian films was actually emphasized on culture and history and to some extent morality, perhaps, the success of Nollywood today could be attributed to the ability of present day movie makers to emphasize contemporary realities which many Nigerians and Africans can relate to, such as:
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to effects of watching pornographic materials
Sources of data collection
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
(i)Primary source and
(ii)Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
Population of the study
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is interested in getting information on effects of watching pornographic materials. 200 students Holy child girls secondary school and Ritman secondary school both in Ikot ekpene, Akwa Ibom state was selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain effects of watching pornographic materials
In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of watching pornographic materials
Summary
This study was on effects of watching pornographic materials. Four objectives were raised which included: To find out if viewing pornographic films have negative effect on youths of Holy Child and Ritman secondary schools in Ikot Ekpene, to find out if viewing pornographic films bring about increased sexual urge, to determine if parents educate their children on the effects of viewing pornographic films, to find out if youths are influenced by viewing pornographic films. The total population for the study is 200 Holy child girls secondary school and Ritman secondary school both in Ikot ekpene, Akwa Ibom state. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made up ss 3 students, ss2 students, ss1 students and jss3 students were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
Conclusion
Increased access to the Internet by adolescents has created unprecedented opportunities for sexual education, learning, and growth. Conversely, the risk of harm that is evident in the literature has led researchers to investigate adolescent exposure to online pornography in an effort to elucidate these relationships. Collectively, these studies suggest that youth who consume pornography may develop unrealistic sexual values and beliefs. Among the findings, higher levels of permissive sexual attitudes, sexual preoccupation, and earlier sexual experimentation have been correlated with more frequent consumption of pornography. Researchers have had difficulty replicating these results, however, and as a result the aggregate literature has failed to indicate conclusive results. Nevertheless, consistent findings have emerged linking adolescent use of pornography that depicts violence with increased degrees of sexually aggressive behavior. The literature does indicate some correlation between adolescents’ use of pornography and self-concept. Girls report feeling physically inferior to the women they view in pornographic material, while boys fear they may not be as virile or able to perform as the men in these media. Adolescents also report that their use of pornography decreased as their self-confidence and social development increase. Additionally, research suggests that adolescents who use pornography, especially that found on the Internet, have lower degrees of social integration, increases in conduct problems, higher levels of delinquent behavior, higher incidence of depressive symptoms, and decreased emotional bonding with caregivers.
Recommendation
Hence, it should be remarked that the few children who use the internet for these activities are at risk of being exposed to pornography online. However, the internet is a source of promise for children no doubting this is because it offers an enormous range of positive and educational experiences and materials. On the other hand, the internet is a source of concern for children and they may be exposed to inappropriate material that is sexual, and hateful in nature. Children who watch pornography online are learning a dangerous message from pornographers. They tend to imitate what they watch. Therefore, parents/guardians should ensure that children are safe on the internet in order to realize full educational and other potential of the internet.
REFERENCES
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- Allen, M., Emmers, T., Gebhardt, L., & Giery, M. A. (1995b). Exposure to pornography and acceptance of rape myths. Journal of Communication, 45, 5-26.
- Attwood, F. (2002). Reading porn: The paradigm shift in pornography research, Sexualities, 5, 91-105.
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- Barwick, H. (2003). A guide to the research into the effects of sexually explicit films and videos. New Zealand Office of Film and Literature Classification, http://www.censorship.govt.nz/pdfword/research_document_2003.pdf [accessed 2007, June 30].
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