Production of Deodorant (Air Refreshing) From Local Plant Materials
CHAPTER ONE
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
This work is aimed at developing an economic and indigenous way of producing deodorant using local plant materials in the best interest of small-scale industries thereby conserving the foreign exchange earning.
Also to provide an alternative source of raw materials for the production of deodorants. This will in very large measure aid in minimized the importation from abroad.
Finally an attempt is made at formulation specific brands of deodorant from essential odorless oil using standard procedure.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
The manufacture of perfume. Air refresher collecting known as the fragrance has undergone drastic charge in the past quarter century prior to which perfumes were usually trained through apprenticeship in laboraties until working with traditional materials in well defined patterns. They achieve skill in mixing and blending (Dorland and Rogers 1977).
It was observed that the early incense produced were merely a mixture or mixtures of finely grounded spices held together by myrrh. The next step made was viewing from the fact that certain spices and flowers were steeped in fat or oil. This could tend to retain a portion of the odorless principle (Blot and wells 1981).
In the laboratory experiment performed by Avicenna M Slott a British physician in his research for medical portions he discovered steam distillation of volatile oil. He found that flowers boils in an alembic with water gave up some of their essence to the distillate. Hence the quest for sweet smelling substance (deodorant) was born and maintain its ageless quality sweet smelling fragrance (othmer1966). The term deodorant (air refresher) was first used by Pringles in 1950 to describe substance that prevent awful smell or odor from the environment. The idea was eventually applied to the treatment of odor from Pringles arenas. However, it was not until the nineteenth century that air refresher came into general use. The corner- stone of modern air refresher was laid at the end of last centaury. By then the growing coal for industry was already producing phenol, phenol, sulphate, pyrethrin, cresol, creosotic fractions and it was found that efficient deodorant could be made by using the ethyl or isopropyl alcohol.
In 1003, a third type of deodorant made its appearance a colored oil fluid (light blue) deodorant by a Worall, which was an emulsion of high aromatic chemicals. The fluid contained about 30 to 40 percent of phenols. A part from their much higher germicidal efficient were miserable with or very hard water without breakdown or loss in germicidal efficiency. For this reason, they were largely indented by the royal navy in preference to other deodorant (poucher 1974).
In the pursuit of that deodorant that perfume emerge which tends to have way for Gir refresher. Only occasionally has a new and original odor been developed such as old spice, which immediately won spontaneous and favorable response from customers. Not many person realize how complete the creation of an acceptable fragrance has become it require professional knowledge , skill and experience , coupled with specialization in synthetic chemistry technical problems followed by consumer panel testing.
Air refresher according to George 1977 may define as mixture pleasant odorous substance incorporated in a suitable vehicle. The modern vehicle for holding perfume for manufacturing of air refresher is highly refined ethyl alcohol (ethanol) mixed with more or less water according to the solubility of the oil employed. This solvent with its volatile nature helps to project the scent it carries, it is fairly inert to the solutes and is not to irritating the human skin.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
RAW MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED
RAW MATERIALS
Lemon grass
2 Flower of citrus sinensis (grape)
3 Seed of avocado pear
REAGENTS
Propylene glycol
Mineral oil
Benzyl acetate
Amyl alcohol
Sodium benzoate
Sodium larel sulphate
Ethanol
Acetone
Water
Colorant
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
RESULT
According to the tests that was carried out the following results was obtained.
A smell
It has a very good smell i.e. it has a very good smell
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
It is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvent such as ethanol.
COLOR OBSERVATION
It is orange in color
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The specific gravity is 0.9031
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSIONS
The majority of domestic perfume used in the houses do not manufacture their own perfume. They usually import or buy from the importers or sellers such as retailer of various perfumes.
The air refresher manufactures skill and resources increase with experience and research new equipment is being developed for identifying fragrance components, even in trace quantities, such as infrared and alter violet spectrographs and vapors phase chromatographs eventually such instruments will be perfected to expedite production. Natural raw materials like lemongrass, rose flower, grape flowers gives a very nice aromatic perfume in the production of deodorant. Its use should be encouraged in the country so as to enhance our natural raw materials and also minimize importation into the country.
The comparison of the result of experiment with that of literature shows that for a higher yield, the adequate solvent should be used and proper mixing with adequate type of raw materials must be used.
RECOMMENDATION
PERFECTION OF THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION METHOD
Solvent expectation method is both an effective and efficient method and means of extraction of perfume from the natural raw material used in the production of air refresher more especially with the fact that odoriferous oils are not soluble water but only in organic solvents. Cheaper to operate compare to any other process or means. Also it gives more yield of the essential oil. Through the chemicals use is very costly.
REFERENCES
- Austin George T (1977), Sheaves Chemical Process Industries 5th Edition Mc Graw Hill Book Company Page 489
- Blot M And Wells F.V (1989), Perfuming Technology Act Science Industry 2nd Edition Ellis Horwood Ltd Page 1-450
- Dorland and Rogers (1966), The Fragrance and Flavor Wiley. New York Page 70
- Finar IL (1968), Organic Chemistry Volume 2 Forth Edition Long man Group Ltd Page 327-328
- Guenther A (1948), The Essential Oil Volume 1 Vain Nostrand Ltd Page 9
- Kirk-other (1966), Encyclopedia Of Chemical Technology Volume 14, 2nd Edition Page 717
- Philip Matthews (1992), Advanced Chemistry Low Price Edition Cambridge University Press Page 370-371
