Impact of Self Concept, Body Dissatisfaction and Gender on Student’s Fear of Negative Evaluation
CHAPTER ONE
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- To determine if both comparative and internalized levels of self concept are significantly correlated with the fear of negative evaluation.
- To identify the difference in the presence of comparative and internalized self concept, and fear of negative evaluation among girls and boys.
- To find the relationship between internalized self concept and comparative self concept, fear of negative evaluation and obesity among university students.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE
SELF-CONCEPT/ESTEEM
Branden (1969) defined self-esteem as “the experience of being competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and being worthy of happiness”. Branden (1987) proposed that “self-esteem is a basic human need, it makes an essential contribution to the life process, it is indispensible to normal and healthy self-development, and has a value for survival”.
Vialle, Heaven and Ciarrochi (2015) examined the relation between self-esteem and academic achievement. Sample comprised 65 high ability secondary students drawn from a longitudinal sample of over 900 students. ELLA and SNAP tests were given to identify the gifted students. Self -esteem of these samples are measured using Rosenberg self -esteem inventory. The student’s academic outcomes were obtained by collecting the end of year learning outcomes. Correlation analysis showed that there was no relation between self- esteem and academic achievement.
Fanaj, Melonashi and Shkembi (2014) conducted a study among youths to find out whether self-esteem and hopelessness are significant predictors of emotional difficulties among youths in Kosova. The sample comprised 1162 youths between 11 and 20 years old from different regions of Kosova. The investigator used Hopelessness scale for children, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and the strengths and Difficulties questionnaires, respectively to assess the hopelessness, self-esteem and emotional difficulties of youths. Descriptive analyses, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis test and multiple regression analyses were the statistics used for the study. Analyses identified significant differences in self-esteem and hopelessness based on residence. Significant gender differences in emotional difficulties also identified. Moreover, emotional difficulties were significantly predicted by self-esteem, gender and residence.
Kenneth (2014) studied the correlation of self-esteem with the personality type of youth boys and girls who attended the one month leadership training programme organized by RGNIYD. Participants comprised 41 youths consisting of 20 male participants and 21 female participants. The study was a non experimental correlational study that looked at the relation between self-esteem and personality. Eysenck Personality Inventory and Rosenberg Self-esteem inventory were administered respectively to identify the personality traits and self-esteem of the participants. To measure the relation between personality trait and self-esteem of the youth participants, co-efficient of correlation as a statistical measure was used. Significant positive correlation was found between Extraversion Personality type and self – esteem of youth. Boer and Tranent (2013) investigated the relation between self-esteem and maternal parenting style. Sample comprised 140 youths and the instruments used were Coopersmith self-esteem inventory, Parenting style and Parental Involvement Questionnaire. ANOVA and regression techniques were used for analysis. Result indicated that maternal responsiveness was the only significant predictor of youth self-esteem.
Singh and Singh (2013) tried to examine the relation between shyness, self – esteem and subjective well being. The study was conducted among 160 post graduate students among which 80 are males and 80 are females. Measures used for the study are Shyness self report questionnaire developed by Crozier, Rosenberg Self-esteem scale, Satisfaction with Life scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale to assess the subjective well being. Correlation analysis was used to measure the linear relation between the dependent and independent variables. Findings indicated that shyness was negatively correlated with self-esteem and negative affect. In this research self-esteem was found to be significantly correlated with life satisfaction and positive affect.
CHAPTER THREE
REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE
Introduction
In this chapter, we would describe how the study was carried out.
Research design
The study is a descriptive research designed to find the impact of self concept, body dissatisfaction and gender on student’s fear of negative evaluation.
According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), a survey is an attempt to collect data from members of a population in order to determine the current status of that population with respect to one or more variables. Survey research is considered as the best method available to social scientists and other educators who are interested in collecting original data for purposes of descriptive survey research design can be used to collect information about people‘s attitude, opinions, habits or a variety of education or social issues (Kombo, 2006).
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
Results
To achieve the objectives of the study, the data collected from the sample was statistically analyzed. To find the relationship between internalized self concept and comparative self concept, fear of negative evaluation and obesity among university students, Pearson Moment Correlation analysis was run on the collected data and to identify the difference in the presence of comparative and internalized self concept, and fear of negative evaluation among girls and boys with and without obesity. To explore this, independent sample t-test was applied on the split data of groups with and without obesity to find the mean differences across gender in each group.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
In this study, our focus has been to examine the Impact of self concept, Body satisfaction and gender on student’s fear of negative evaluation. The study was divided into five chapters. In the first chapter, we stated the problem of the study, its objectives and formulated for testing research hypotheses. In the second chapter, we reviewed literatures related to the topic. In the third chapter, we described the methodology employed or adopted to arrive at the study’s findings. In the fourth chapter, we tested the formulated hypotheses.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The present study was set to explore the presence of Self concept and fear of negative evaluation as existing in the collectivist and conformity demanding culture of Pakistan. The existence was measured in the university environment among students with and without obesity. The academically and socially evaluative atmosphere offered by a university was deemed best to study the non clinical population as experiencing the maladaptive phenomena of Self concept and fear of negative evaluation. The noteworthy results of the present study reveal that having an abnormal body weight places the ones with obesity to experience higher levels of internalized Self concept than their counterparts without obesity when the environmental conditions are set as same. The same was found to exist in the individual groups of boys and girls, whereas girls were overall seen to be more prone towards experiencing internalized Self concept than boys, and this effect only becomes pronounced when observed in girls with obesity. The much less studied relationship between Self concept and fear of negative evaluation was also confirmed on the Pakistani sample. Also the strong positive impact of Self concept on the experience of fearing of socially evaluative situations is in strong empirical coherence with the relationship between these two constructs as studied in other cultures of the world. This implies that all cultures to some extent demand conformity, importance over which is placed through the social appraisal made for each individual. Body appearance has a considerable association with the impression one has of himself, and consequentially affects an individual’s performance in various life domains.
From the findings above we suggest that future studies investigate the role of Self concept in predicting the degree of fear of negative evaluation in the context of obesity.
REFERENCES
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 1991-215.
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
- Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, &
- S. Wrightsman (Eds.) Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes, Volume I. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Bong, M., & Clark, R. (1999). Comparison between self-efficacy in academic motivation research. Educational Psychologist, 34, 139-154.
- Bong, M., & Skaalvik, E. M. (2003). Academic self-concept and self-efficacy: how different are they really? Educational Psychology Review, 15, 1-40.
- Brodie, D. A., Slade, P. D., & Riley, V. J. (1991). Sex differences in body image perceptions. Perceptual Motor Skills, 72, 73-74.
- Carlson, J.D. (2004). Body image among adolescent girls and boys: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 40, 823-835.
- Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 62-83.
- Connell, J. P., & Wellborn, J. G. (1991). Competence, autonomy, and relatedness: A motivational analysis of self-system processes. In M. R. Gunnar & L. A. Stroufe (Eds.).
