Effects of Instructional Materials on Performance of Social Studies Students in Junior Secondary Schools in Kaduna North and South LGA of Kaduna State
Chapter One
Objectives of the Study
This study was based on the following objectives which are to:-
- Determine the difference in the mean of pre-test and post-test performance scores of JSS III students when taught Social Studies concepts with the use of instructional materials
- Determine the difference in the mean pre-test and post-test performance scores of JSS III students when taught Social Studies concepts without the use of instructional materials.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
In this chapter, an attempt was made to review the following: meaning, nature and scope of social studies, method, evaluation, resource materials and attitude, determined the effect of instructional materials on the performance of secondary schools in social studies in Kaduna North and South L.G.A of Kaduna state.
The reviewed related literature is done under the following headings:
- Learning theories in the use of instructional materials in social studies
- Intrinsic and extrinsic values of instructional
- types and nature of instructional materials
- Availability of instructional materials in schools
- And problems of using instructional materials in social studies
Learning Theories about Instructional Materials
Learning according to Kimble and Germezy (1991) is a qualitative permanent change in a behavioural tendency as a result of reinforced practice”. Learning as inferred state of the organism, should be distinguished from performance, on observed state of the organism. Learning events consist of stimuli, learner and responses. According to Mukherjee (1978), learning may be held to be an inference from some performance of the organisms manifesting a change of behaviour. But changes of behaviour can be brought about in an individual by the influence of drugs or tiredness. Such changes in behaviour are temporary and they do not imply any gain to the organism, for his survival, and hence they can be excluded as example of learning. To understand what psychologists mean by learning, one has to distinguish between the kinds of changes and their related antecedents, which are included in learning and the related kinds of changes, and their antecedents which are not included as learning.
There are a number of learning theories, these learning theories fall into two broad categories, namely; connectionist and cognitive theories. Under connectionists heading the researcher considers the explanation of Thorndike and Skinner, while under cognitive, Gestalt psychology was outlined and explained.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
The objective of this chapter is to describe the method and procedure necessary for conducting this study. The procedures includes the design of the research, population of the study, sample and sampling procedure, instrumentation, validity and reliability of instruments and statistical analysis.
Research Design
The research design used in this study was Quasi-experimental design. In this design the researcher used experimental and control groups to determine the effects of instructional materials on the performance JSS III Social Studies students in secondary school. Symbolically this design can be represented as shown below.
Population of the Study
Best and Khan (1989:11) define population as any group of individuals that have one or more characteristic common that are of interest to the researcher, it was all the individuals of a particular type of more restricted part of that group. The population for this study consisted of all the junior secondary school students in Kaduna North and South L.G.A. consisting of 600 students. The population distribution of the study was shown in Table.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher presented and analyzed data obtained from this investigation. The chapter covers the results and discussion based on the 234 sample used in the study. Data analysis was based on the scored received from sample in the study. The two null hypotheses were tested using t-test statistical method. The null hypotheses were tested at p≤0.05 level of significance. Tables were also used for the presentation of information derived from the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
This chapter dealt with the summary of the major findings of the study. It also puts forth the conclusions made and recommendations based on the findings of the study. It is the hope of the researcher that the recommendations made in this study will be implemented by those concerned with social studies education and other subjects areas in Kaduna North and South L.G.A in particular where this study is based and Nigeria in general.
Summary
This study is entitled: Effects of Instructional Materials on Performance of Social Studies Students in Junior Secondary Schools in Kaduna North and South L.G.A of Kaduna State. The study was guided two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 significance level. Quasi-experimental research design was adopted in this study. The target population of the study was all the JSS three students in Kaduna North and South L.G.A in Kaduna state. A sample of 234 students was drawn from the population of 600 through simple random procedure. The selection of the sample was based on the recommendation of Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table of determining sample size. A test items was used to obtained data for the study. Data collected from the study were analyzed using frequency, simple percentage, mean, standard deviation, and t- test. The study that found difference exists between the pre-test and post-test scores of the respondents in the experimental group which indicate that the performance of students improved when instructional material was introduced in the lesson.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher drew the following conclusions;
- It has been shown in this study that instructional materials have significant influence on the performance of the students in their academic
- From the findings, it was established that lack of instructional materials and its usage in teaching and learning of social studies made students to perform poorly in their academic
Since it has been discovered from this findings that lack of instructional materials and its usage in teaching and learning of social studies is the major courses of the students poor performance in their academic work, so the State Ministry of Education, Education Board and the Local Government Education Authorities among other should consider the recommendations below, hence it is agreed that instructional materials plays a significant role in motivating the pupils to learn, interest them in the subject, yield better performance, made practicing teachers to have confidence in whatever concepts they wants to impact to the pupils, so the uses of such materials should be encouraged.
Recommendations
The findings of this study as enumerated above have made it necessary to make some recommendations of certain measures which will help in the supply, acquisition and enhancement of the effective use of these instructional materials in the secondary schools in Kaduna North and South L.G.A of Kaduna State and Nigeria in general.
- Teachers/Students should improvise locally made instructional materials using resource from the school environment or raw materials from outside the school environment to be used in teaching of social
- The State Ministry of Education, Education Board and Local Education Authorities should employ competent teachers who can handle the subject very well, because most of the teachers teaching the subject are not
- Parents should be encouraged to donate money through parent teachers association (PTA) for the provision of instructional materials for teaching and learning in the schools, government alone cannot shoulder all the responsibilities in the schools, there is need for the parents to help in running the schools. The money donated by the parents should be used for the purchasing of teaching aids.
- The production of low cost instructional materials should be intensified by the board. The production of these materials can be of the Resource Centres, local raw materials can be effectively utilized in the production of the needed instructional media. This will reduce the cost of importing materials and equipment which have foreign background and may not serve the need of Nigerians. Any materials and equipment produced locally will be such that have the users needs as the focal point. Materials and equipments which could be used in the rural areas where there is no electricity would be produced locally at the resource centres, Thus, the constraints imposed by lack of electricity will be remove.
- A miniature resource centre should be established in every secondary schools by the Ministry of Education and Local Education Authority, such a resource centre should serve the secondary schools in which it is Instructional materials should be produced, stored, maintained and others should go there to loan any materials or equipments which they need in teaching and return such a materials or equipment immediately after use.
- Parents should help in the repairs of the damaged instructional materials in the various secondary schools in the
- The State Ministry of Education, Education Board should release fund to the various Zonal Education Offices and Local Education Authorities and the principals specifically for maintaining and repairing damaged equipments. This method will remove the protocol of applying, filling forms and awaiting for approval before money is released for the repair of every minor damage done to an equipment.
- Seminars, conferences and workshops on the relevance, production and improvisation of instructional materials should be organised during vocations by the State Ministry of Education and Education Board. These should be organized on Zonal Levels and Local Government basis to attract so many teachers as possible, because some teachers cannot operate some of the available instructional materials while some teachers do not know the functions of some instructional media.
- The available social studies text-books in use in secondary schools in the state were not recommended for teaching-learning by the Ministry of So recommended text-books should be purchased and supply to the secondary schools.
Contribution to Knowledge
This study, contributes to knowledge and literature in the following ways:
- The study found that the use of instructional material contribute to students academic performance. Based on this finding teachers are encourage to employ instructional material effectively during social studies instruction which will serve as a remedy to the risen problems of poor academic performance of
- This study has contributed to body of literature in the area of instructional material and academic performance generally and with reference to Kaduna state in
Suggestion for Further Study
This study was delimited to two LGA of Kaduna state. The findings might differ if all the senatorial zones and rural schools in the state were involved in the study. The researcher considers this as a limitation to the present study. The following is therefore, suggested for further study:
- The study could be replicated to cover all the Senatorial zones in Kaduna
- The study on the assessment availability and suitability of instructional material in implementing social studies
- Assessment of teachers competency in the use of multi-media instructional material in implementing social studies
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