Effects of Instructional Materials on Computer Students Performance
CHAPTER ONE
Research Objectives
The objectives of the study were:
- to identify the factors influencing terrorist activities between the period of 2000 to 2010,
- to establish why terrorism is inevitable despite the collective state efforts (UN),
- to examine how terrorism has affected education systems,
- to examine the effects of terrorist activities on international peace and security from 2000 to 2010, and
- to provide recommendations on how to effectively combat the effects of terrorism in the international system.
The thrust of the research was to provide an analysis of the effects of terrorism between 2000 and 2010 in maintaining international peace and security.
CHAPTER TWO
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
The main objective of this part was to review relevant literature on international peace as it relates to international peace and security. In trying to provide an analysis of the effects of terrorism on international peace and security the study relied on the concept of collective security which is derived from the theory of Idealism to explain why states come together to combat terrorism. The major terrorist groups and the way they operate across the world are discussed in this chapter. Incidences of the terrorist acts are costly and have led to the loss of life, disturbance of the environment and destruction of infrastructure. Terror is persistent, evolving and transnational such that individual states in the international system has a need to come together to eliminate terrorism. The terrorist activities are transnational and have been manifesting in various forms including kidnapping, suicide bombing, accessing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and hostage-taking. They seek to fulfill different political objectives to suit their individual goals. This instills a sense of insecurity for both the state and its citizens as the attacks are sporadic and have unknown formulae of execution.
The UN (2002:V) Preface by the former UN Secretary General Koffi Annan states that “terrorism is a global threat with global effects…its consequences affect every aspect of the UN agenda from development, peace to human rights and the rule of law…” The continuous devastating and horrific attacks in the presence of collective security custodian, UN and other regional bodies responsible for peace keeping suffered serious challenges in guaranteeing peace and international security.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Research methodology refers to the way in which a researcher retrieves data from the selected sampling frame, methods to collect data, instruments to be used and how is the data scrutinised and presented. Leedy and Ormrod (2000:100) define research methodology as the “framework to extract meaning from the data collected.”
Research Design
The researchers used qualitative research methods to solicit information from respondents who are well informed about issues of terrorism. The method ensured thoroughness, authenticity and accuracy of the research findings. The qualitative part of the research included in-depth one-on- one interview with a guide, chat interview through social networks like Google chat, Skype, Hotmail and Facebook as well as review of secondary historical sources.
Instrumentation
The researcher used structured interview because it guided the respondents on the information required. The goal of using interview as a research method was to obtain more in depth information on how terrorism affects international peace and security. This allowed the respondents to describe the effects of terrorism more accurately and thoroughly.
CHAPTER FOUR
ANAYSIS OF FINDINGS
THE EFFECTS OF TERRORISM.
Terrorism is a menace and is like an aching tooth which needs to be rooted out but has no immediate remedy. The magnitude of destruction, loss of life, injuries and disabilities have all made human kind fail to find comfort in their governments as citizens are left vulnerable to indiscriminate attacks of terrorists. The effects of terrorism range from short, medium and even long term. The researchers will discuss the effects of terrorism in the context of military- political, economic, and human security problems. The results of the interviews will also be discussed. The views are from independent people‟s opinions and criticism that are drawn from the embassy staff (Iran, Pakistan, USA,
Nigeria, South Africa and Sudan), NGOs, Inter-Governmental Organisation (IGO), high profile people representing the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO), Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA) ,political scientists and students who are well versed with the effects of terrorism on international peace and security.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
The research study concludes that terrorism has negatively affected collective state effort in maintaining international peace and security especially the period between 2000 and 2010. The decade in the millennium witnessed the major attack of a superpower where almost 3000 people dead of over 50 nationalities. Of the dead, they left orphans and widows who are not able to pay the school fees for their kids because the bread winners were killed. This is a challenge not only in America but in Africa as a whole.
The concept of collective security has been discussed in detail but it has remained very difficult for states to collectively co-exist. This is because of the ideological and geographical differences between and among member states of the UN. The collective security agenda is overridden by state interest. This is accompanied by refusal by some member states to be bound by the rules of the UN. This concept is based on the pacifist settlement of disputes but on the other hand diverge from the real practise of politics and peace. The concept is usually favoured during large conferences whose idea is to stimulate research while on the ground states act together with friends than enemies. As noted earlier, the concept of collective security is outweighed by the theory of Realism which is clear on the reasons why states are reluctant to fight terrorism collectively. It states that politics is ridden by selfishness and egoism of states and individuals who are always in pursuit of power. Politics is thus the struggle for power and peace. The theory of realism explains the real practise and contact of states and the exercise of hard power in a political world. The research study used the concept of collective security and theory of realism because they are relevant in the contemporary times when there is need to eradicate terrorism or reduce its effects.
The research provides that terrorism has negatively affected collective state effort in maintaining international peace and security especially from 2000 to 2010. The effects of terrorism has been categorised into three (2) major areas: 1. 1. The Effects of Terrorism on Economic Security and The Effects of Terrorism on Individual Security.
- The Effects of Terrorism on Economic Security includes the reduction of FDI, reduced capital inflows, stalls stock markets, shifts investment both capital and labour. It ushers in higher uncertainty thus reducing confidence among potential investors. The state shifts its priority from projects designed for growth to higher demand for security and once security is given higher priority, transport sector suffers especially dealing with cross border. Besides industry will act below capacity or forced to close due to the lack of labour.
- The Effects of Terrorism on Individual Security.
The research study explained security not only to mean insulated from physical harm but also from environmental security, food security, community security, economic security and even health security among other securities. The continuous advancement in technology has led to the emergence of cyber-terrorism, Narco-terrorism, biological terrorism and even nuclear terrorism. These are designed to inflict pain and insecurity upon the citizens of a government which will then fail to protect its citizens. The Mumbai attacks, Black September, 9/11, bombing of the WTC in 1993, hostage taking and kidnapping have all caused human insecurity
Recommendations
It is commendable in this research study that the UNSC should be reformed, rebranded or abolished and submits all veto to the General Assembly in order to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century. The P5 status was made by the victorious powers of the WW2. But this is an era that has since passed. Today there are some states which are more advanced than France for example Japan and South Africa who can take over from France. The Asian Tigers have a success story of economic boom while the USA, EU and Africa are facing financial crisis. Thus there is a need to re-look at the criteria which warrant veto status.
The GWOT needs to be based on a clearly defined concept of terrorism and has to be conducted in such a way that it does not itself resort to terrorism. Instead, it has to be integrated into a balanced international economic order, one that will make the incidences of terrorist thwarted and finally erode the social support for terrorism. Thus, it is commendable that the UN find a common definition of terrorism which is more accommodative than the current case where “terrorist” defend themselves through definitions which are not universally bound. If there is no definition of terrorism which is agreed then there is no basis for such a war because it is baseless. The waging of the GWOT should be waged through collective security framework as defined in Chapter VII of the UNC. This will avoid anarchy and it restores the lost international peace and security as such kind of war is contacted multilaterally and not unilaterally.
It will be of great value if the fighting and detonation of bombs is stopped to allow for economic growth. If fighting continues, investors will find it risk to invest in any area. It is imperative that the fighting, destruction of property in order to make a political statement be minimised paving way for investments, good distribution channels and providing of capital injection into manufacturing. This allows for maximum exploitation of resources and free sanctions trading zone in a globalised village. If terror activities are minimised this allows growth in every sector of the economy.
References
Books
- Abadie, A. (2007). Terrorism and World Economy. John F Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University: Cambridge.
- Baylis, J et al, (2002). Strategy in the Contemporary World: An introduction to Strategic Studies, Oxford University Press: New York.
- Bennet, A.R. (1984). International Organisation-Principles and Issues, University of Rajastathan, Jaipur. Gallile, W.B. (1980). Philosophers of Peace and War. Cambridge University Press: London.
- Garrison, H.A, (1993). How the World Changed: A History of the Development of Terrorism. Delaware Criminal Justice Council:Ohio.
- Koberston, A. E. (2007). Terrorism and Global Security. InfoBase Publishing: New York.
- Kepel, G. and Milelli, J. (2008). Al Qaeda in its own words, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press: London.
- Kupperman, R, and Trent, D. (1979). Terrorism: Threat, Peace and Response. Hoover Institution Press, California. Henderson, H. (2001). Libraryina Handbook: Terrorism. New York: United States of America.
- Humphries, C, [editor] (2002). Philip’s Encyclopedia: Comprehensive Edition. Cayfosa: London.
- Huntington, S.P. (1998). The Clash of Civilisation and Remaking of World Order. Touchstone Books: Cambridge.
- Leedy, P.D., and Ormrod, J.E. (2010), Practical Research: Planning and Design (9th ED). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Lowe, N. (2005). Mastering Modern World History. Macmillan, Palgrave.
- Moncourt, A. and Smith, J. (2009). Documentary History Projectiles for the People, Kersplebedeb Publishing and PM Press: Oakland.
- Morgenthau, H.J. and Thompson, K.W. (1993). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace.
- McGrew Hill Inc: New York. Papp, S.D. (1984). Contemporary International Relations-Frameworks for Understanding. Macmillan Publishing Company: New York.
- Sandler, T. (2006). Economic Consequences of Terrorism in the Developed and Developing Countries: An overview. University of California: Los Angeles.
- Slater, O.R. and Stohl, M. (1988). Current Perspectives on International Terrorism. Macmillan Press: London.
