Extraction and Analysis of Oil From Monodora Myristica (Ehuru Seed)
CHAPTER ONE
Aim of Research
The objective of this study was to extract essential oil from the seeds of Monodora myristica and formulate the oil into a tablet that can form in-situ nanostructured dispersions. Fusion pro software was used for design of experiment to generate various possible formulation ratios of liquid-SMEDDS and to predict the best formulation ratio of liquid-SMEDDS to work with. The liquid-SMEDDS was adsorbed onto Neusilin US2 and different tablets were directly compressed using a tablet machine. The different tablets were characterized to determine the best formulation variables by performing thickness measurement, disintegration test, friability test, breaking force test, and drug content analysis. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were also performed on MMEO, liquid-SMEDDS, solid-SMEEDS, and the different types of tablets to physically characterize them.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Monodora myristica Dunal identified as African nutmeg, Calabash nutmeg or Jamaica nutmeg, a tropical tree of a perennial plant that belongs to the class of Annonaceae and it contains aromatic spice that function as a local nutmeg substitute. It is originate from evergreen and deciduous forest of tropical African countries. The plant can grow from 10-35 meters height and 2 meter width with striking and fragrance flow (Edak, Chukwudi and Peter, 2014). It is cultivated in India, Sri lanker and some African countries and also in southern part of Nigeria such as Anambra, Abia, Delta and Enugu state.
The plant is commonly called ehuru ofia in Igbo language, Ariwo in Yoruba. Other names include awerewa, lubushi, Ghana seed or orchid nutmeg. The aromatic seed is crushed into powder and use as food condiments. The seeds are entrenched in a white sweet smelling pulp of a fruit that can be 20cm long by 15cm in diameter (Burubai, Akor, Igoni, and Puyat, 2007).
Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) seed has an aromatic flavor and is a popular West African spice. The seed is harvested on maturation from the tree, air dry and store for usage. The leaves are purple in color at an early stage and later change to greenish color at maturity and are physically veined in nature.
Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) seed is used as a spice in assorted food such as vegetables, meat and puddings, hot soup with piper guineense (uziza) for newborn mothers to prevent hamorrhage (Onyenibe, Fowoke and Emmanuel, 2015). The addition of these two spices in food facilitate the flow of milk immediately after childbirth. The powdered seed is used for preparation of postpartum tonic after birth (Onyenibe, 2015).
The decayed leaves and branches are used as manure on the farm. The tree is used as firewood and carpentry work. The bark can be used to make necklace and rosaries in the olden days. The seed is a stimulant which can be used in the treatment of constipation. The bark, when crushed can be used to cure stomach ache. It is added and use as a vapor bath in the treatment of febrile seizure. The seed is used as an insect repellent. The juice pressed from the bark is used in treating itching and wound, also combining it with the bark of Monodora tenuifolia to form lotion which is used in the treatment of various eye diseases. The African nutmeg seed extract can also be used in the treatment of headache, migraine and cold. The seed can be chewed and applied to sores, especially those caused by guinea worms.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Monodora myristica
The peeled seeds of Monodora myristica were purchased from Carry Go Market (Missouri City, Texas). The seeds were identified by comparing them to catalog from the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservative Sciences. The seeds were blended and stored in airtight containers away from light at room temperature of 25℃.
Solid Adsorbance
Neusilin US2 was donated by Fuji Chemical Industries (Burlington, NJ). It is a unique form of amorphous magnesium alumino metasilicate. Large surface area and high oil adsorbing capacity are some of its properties. It is made up of white granules with a specific gravity of 2.0. The average particle size is 106 µm with an oil adsorbing capacity of 2.7-3.4 ml/g. It has a pH value of 7.4. It is insoluble in water but soluble in gastric acid.
CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS
Physiochemical Characterization of MMEO.
The yield value of MMEO was derived to be 2.53% w/w. This was similar to the yield value; 2.46 %w/w and 4.36%w/w reported by Rahardiyan et.al. Plant origin and period of the collection have been observed to affect yield variation. MMEO’s color was observed to be lightly golden and this was similar to the color reported by Ekere et.al . 1 part of MMEO is soluble in 1 part of ethanol and insoluble with DI water. The density and specific gravity of MMEO were observed to be 0.855 ±0.03 g/ml and 0.858 ±0.00 g/ml respectively. Specific gravity can be defined as density divided by the density of water. MMEO specific gravity is less than 1. Specific gravity can be used to predict the purity of a sample and it was within the range (0.82-0.92) reported in the literature. The refractive index can be described as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum relative to the oil. It gives an idea of the intensity of double bonds and the degree of unsaturation in a sample. Oxidative damage can be deduced from this information. The Refractive index of MMEO was found to be 1.479 ± 0.00 and 1.477 ± 0.00 at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The refractive index was comparable with the one reported by Akise et.al .
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
MMEO (10.92%) / Tween 80 (48%) / Transcutol HP (41.8%) was predicted to be the best formulation with desirable characteristics such as a mean particle size of 112.7 nm, the zeta potential of +5.10 mv, and a transparent emulsion. Easier product transport, better accurate dosing, stability of essential oils, and better patient compliance are some of the reasons why solidifying liquid-SMEDDS is becoming a popular opinion . Type 1, 2, and 3 tablets were directly compressed using various ingredients and ratios. Type 3 tablets showed the best characteristics desired and had the highest MMEO content. Using one- way ANOVA, the P-value obtained was below 0.05 for tablet thickness, tablet breaking force, and disintegration tests. Therefore, there is a statistically significant difference between type 1, type, and type 3 tablets properties such as tablet thickness, tablet breaking force, and disintegration time. The P-value for the % friability was above 0.05. Thus there is no significant difference in the % weight loss for type 1, type 2, and type 3 tablets. A tablet-loaded SMEDDS formulation is a promising approach to deliver essential oils (poorly soluble drugs). From this study, it was seen that the use of other excipients such as cellulose, starch, lactose, talc, magnesium stearate did not improve the physicochemical properties of type 1 and type 2 tablets. It can be inferred that type 3 tablet design should be adopted for further studies. Solid-SMEDDS can also be filled into capsule shells and comparative studies can be done with type 3 tablets. In-vivo bioavailability studies can be done to better understand the type-3 tablets. In-vivo bioavailability studies can also be done to better understand the type-3 tablets. Animal studies to test for the pharmacology properties like; Alzheimer’s disease, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the formulation may be done in the future.
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