Effects of Rural-urban Migration on Public Utilities in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State
Chapter One
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The overall aim of this study is to examine the effects of rural-urban migration on public utilities in Uyo Local Government Area, with the following objectives:
(1) To determine the effects of rural urban migration on public utilities in Uyo Local Government Area.
(2) To identify the dominant migratory groups of migrants in the study area.
(3) To examine the major determinant factors of rural-urban migration in Uyo Local Government Area.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
The concept of urban-rural migration is appearing more often in the academic literature as well as policy and programming documents today. The evolution of the concept has a long history in the study of economics, geography and regional planning. This chapter traces some of the historical background of the concept and identifies how it is being used at the present time. Globally, the gap between migration and development has remained an issue under vigorous academic debate. Therefore, the process of people migrating to other areas in search of a better life is not a novel one. What has however gained currency is the increasing voluntary movement in quest of better quality of life by low-skill and low-wage workers as well as high-skill and high-wage workers from less developed rural areas to more developed urban areas, especially among the poor in the developing countries.
It will be discuss here how the term urban-rural migration was coined to mark a departure from the traditional view of urban rural dichotomy: the existence of two distinct and opposing perspectives that have influenced the conceptualization of urban-rural relationships. The first of these perspectives, the anti-urban view, can be traced back to rural-urban migration during the Industrial Revolution and the social, economic, environmental and health problems that this migration caused. The second perspective, the pro-urban view, sees urbanization in terms of natural progress and development and regards cities as generators and centers of culture, knowledge, innovation and economic growth.
Social cohesion could be seen as a set of characteristics that keep a group able to function as a unit. What constitutes group cohesion really depends on who the question goes to. For example, a psychologists look at individuals’ traits and similarities among the group members. Social psychologists treat cohesion as a trait that combines with others in order to influence the way the group does things. Sociologists tend to look at cohesion as a structural issue, measuring how the interlocking parts of the whole group interact to allow the group to function. Beyond all these disciplinary differences, there are some generalizations we can make about how groups function as a unit. To arrive at an agreed conclusion some terms needs to be clearly defined. The first concept is that of incentive.
“An incentive is a reward offered to get a person to do something”. Anyone who has worked a job they don’t like that much is familiar with incentives. Pay functions as an incentive to keep working. People with incentives to work as a group will do better than those without.
Another important concept is that of social norms. “Like other norms, social norms are standards of behavior. These norms apply to the function individuals have in the group”. Norms can include a dress code, standards of conduct, or admissions standards. Norms tend to keep a group working better together as long as the norms are uniformly enforced. Selectively ignoring norms tends to result in disciplinary measures for group members. If the group as a whole ignores norms, cohesion could be weakened by a feeling of apathy toward the norms and group as a whole.
According to the United Nations (1988), rural-urban migration is viewed as a movement of rural agricultural workers into the cities in search of non-agricultural jobs and “the easier life style” often attributed to living in the urban areas. It is generally observed that most of the people migration are seen as “vehicles” for improving their standard of living. The indications are that those who migrate are largely the energetic young people and the educated one in that area. Olisa (1992:245) further maintained that “the reason for rural migration is the total absences or shortage of social amenities in the rural areas; one of which is public libraries where people can improve their knowledge.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to examine the effect of rural urban migration.
SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
- Primary source and
- Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is interested in getting information on the study the effect of rural urban migration on public utility 200 immigrant in Uyo Local Government area of Akwa Ibom State was selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Sample is the set people or items which constitute part of a given population sampling. Due to large size of the target population, the researcher used the Taro Yamani formula to arrive at the sample population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
INTRODUCTION
It is pertinent to note that this research was aimed at cross examining the effect of rural-urban migration on public utility in Nigeria.
In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges associated with rural-urban migration on public utility.
SUMMARY
An improved understanding of rural-urban linkages matters as it provides the basis for measures that can improve both urban and rural environments as well as livelihoods that occur in both rural and urban areas. Indeed, there are benefits that can be gained in taking the rural-urban approach to policy development as the future of rural economies is heavily dependent on focusing on the interdependencies and commonalities rather than on differences. Likewise, our common (rural and urban) success depends on our ability to make constructive use of these 54 interdependencies and on encouraging rural-urban linkages that bridge the divides across economic geography.
Conclusion
Cities and municipal governments have a huge importance in addressing the needs of their residents. But in many cases, they lack resources and capacity and, perhaps most importantly, political will, as described in chapter two. There is also an underestimated lack of information on who lives in informal low-income settlements; more accurate data, including migrant status, is clearly a priority, since in many cases migrants make up a considerable share of those groups. One key disadvantage for migrants is the lack of registration in the destination area. But lack of full civic rights is in many instances linked to the place where people live rather than to their migrant status. In Akwa Ibom state, approximately half of all ‘slums’ are not recognized by the government, with huge implications for their residents, ranging from lack of access to basic services and infrastructure to difficulty in accessing official documents because informal residential arrangements make it impossible to prove residency. This, in turn, has wide-ranging impacts on low-income groups, including poor migrants, who cannot access social protection programmes and compensation after disasters and calamities (Subbaraman et al., 2012).
Recommendations
As a result of this study, it is hereby recommended that policy makers in Nigeria should carry out an intense effort to transform the rural areas holistically, by making available sufficient socio-economic and infrastructural amenities such as : higher income earning jobs, educational (especially tertiary education) facilities, sanitation, health services, electricity, motor able roads (including the farm roads), pipe borne water, good housing condition, financial institutions small and medium scale industries and other basic social-economic services for the rural dwellers. A concerted effort should also be made towards financing the rural enterprises and encouraging effective and efficient agricultural activities through National Policy Framework and Rolling Plans. This would assistance in increasing their productivity. Persistent efforts towards improving the urban areas without converting the rural areas would aggravate the already problematic situation posed by rural-urban migration, since higher number of youths will migrate to the urban appealing areas. Also, insincerity of purpose, corruption, embezzlement of money meant to execute rural developmental projects by government officials in Nigeria need to stop for the rural transformation process to be fruitful.
Reference
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