Evaluation of Anticoccidial Properties of the Methanol Root-bark Extract of Annona Senegalensis Pers.in Broilers Experimentally Infected With Eimeria Tenella
CHAPTER ONE
Specific Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study were to:
- Conduct phytochemical analysis of the methanol rootbark extract of Annona senegalensis.
- Establish the safety or acute toxicity of the methanol crude extract of the root-bark of senegalensisin broilerchickens
- Assess the In vitro anticoccidial activity of the methanol extract of theplant
- Determine the effect of the extract on oocyst shedding in broiler chicks infected with Eimeriatenella and treated with Anonna senegalensis root barkextract
- Determine the effects of the extract on clinical signs andperformance of broiler chicks experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella and treated with the
- Determine effect on gross and histopathological changes on caecal lesion score of broiler chicks experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella and treated with the extract
- Determine biochemical changes in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella and treated with methanol extract of root-bark of Anonna senegalensi
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Preamble
Coccidia consist of a wide variety of single celled, parasitic animals in the sub kingdom protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa (Conway and McKenzie, 2007). This phylum consist of protozoa that posses an apical complex, which by definition is an assembly of organelles located at the anterior end of certain life cycle stages that facilitate attachment and or entry into the host cell (Current et al., 1990). Within this phylum are two suborders known as Adeleorina and Eimeriorina. Eimeria which is a pathogen of concern to commercial poultry, belongs to the suborder Eimeriorina which consists of 10 famiilies, 37 genera, and around 1500 named species (Levine, 1982).The definition of coccidian genera is based on the morphology of infectious stages – sporulated oocysts, containing a fixed number of sporocysts, each possessing a constant number of sporozoites. However, this rigid definition is often in contradiction to results from molecular phylogeny (Eberhard et al. 1999). The genus Eimeria is the largest genus within coccidia, with more than 1700 described species. Majority of Eimeriaspecies parasitize the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates. Several species (e.g. Eimeria intestinalis, E. necatrix, Eimeria stiedai, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria zuernii) are important parasites of domestic animals that cause serious diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Sporulated oocyst contains 4 sporocysts, each filled with 2 sporozoites (Pellérdy 1974; Levine and Ivens, 1990).All seven species are ubiquitous and can occur on a farm in different combinations (Williams, 1998). Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria. brunette, Eimeria mitis and Eimeria praecox were present in litter samples within six weeks after a new flock placement (Williams, 2005). The ability of the Eimeria species to thrive in an environment depends on the characteristics of the species, ubiquity of the species, climate and environmental conditions, sanitary conditions and the susceptibility of the of the host (Williams 1999). The oocysts are able to remain infective outside of the host for long periods, and their protective properties allow them to be resistant to many harsh chemicals and disinfectants (Eschenbacher et al., 1996; Jeurissen, 1996; Yun et al., 2000). The Eimeria species have an extremely complex life cycle comprising stages both internal and external to the host. Infection occurs by ingesting sporulated coccidial oocysts found in contaminated litter, soil, feed or water. After ingestion, the protozoa go through a series of intracellular, extracellular, asexual, and sexual stages to produce viable oocysts that are excreted in the feces (Rose, 1987). After a brief period outside of the host, the oocysts become infective again through the process of sporulation, and the life cycle is complete.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethical Approval:
The project proposal to conduct this study was duly approved by the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Committee on Animal Use and Care (ABUCAUC). Approval No: ABUCAUC/2016/011
Location of the Experiment
The extraction and phytochemical analysis of the plant material were carried out in the Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University,(A.B.U.) Zaria, while the anticoccidial test was performed in the Helminthology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University (A.B.U.) Zaria.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS
Phytochemical Test of the Extract
Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of the following constituents alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins,triterpene, tannins and cardiac glycosides (Table 1).
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
Plants have been components of phytomedicine since time immemorial, and various assortment of industrial chemicals and bioactive components are extracted from every part of it (Parekh et al., 2006). These phytochemicals exhibit diverse pharmacological and biochemical actions when in animals (Amadi et al., 2006). Two separate modes of action can be attributed to the efficacy of plant extracts for treating parasitic infections: their immunomodulatory properties and their antiparasitic effects (Anthony et al., 2005). Annona senegalensis has been found active on parasites and some opportunistic bacteria like Pseudomonas, Staphilococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella (Ogbadoyi et al.2007). In the current study, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents similar to findings of Okoye et al (2012) and Adzu et al (2005).
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION ANDRECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
In conclusion therefore,
- The result of this study showed that the methanol root bark extract of Anonna senegalensis contains many bioactive chemical
- The acute toxicity study showed an LD50of over 5000mg/kg indicating it is relatively non-toxic and safe for use as an anticoccidial
- Iii Inhibition of sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts by the extract was achieved and was dose dependent being highest at the highest concentration used. The percentage inhibition produced by the extract at 1000 and 1500mg/kg were similar to that of amprolium at 1.25g/ littre of
- Themethanol root bark extract reducuced the oocysts count of chicks infected with 2 × 104 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The group treated with 1600mg/kg ofextract showed the highest reduction in oocysts count followed by 800mg/kg, 400mg/kg,, and 200mg/kg respectively. However, amprolium produced the highest reduction in oocyst count. V
- The result also showed that treatment of chicks with MREAS significantly improved the body weight gain of all infected groups except the positive control (group 6) in comparison with the negative control group. Average final bodyweight gain of chicks from group 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 was 990.5 ± 19.2, 1011.8 ± 24.6, 1041 ± 12.8, 1060 ± 16.4, 1152 ±23.9 respectively.
- The findings of the present study suggest that treatment with herbal extracts of Anonna senegalensis at a concentration of 1600mg/kg greatly alleviated the negative impact of Eimeria infection by reducing lesion score and improves the performance parameters in broiler chickens but did not suppress coccidial oocysts shading to the level observed in birds treated with
- Basedon the findings of this study, Anonna senegalensis has the potential to be used as an alternative to chemotherapeutic drug as it is more affordable as compared to amprolium and specie are ubiquitous throughout
Recommendation
1 Sub acute and chronic toxicity studies should be conducted to observe the effect of long term administration of the extract on chicks
2Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of root bark extract of Anonna senegalensis against other species of Eimeria as this would provide imformation on the efficacy of Anonna senegalensis against chicken coccidiosis in general.
3.Further studies should be carried out to determine the concentration ofAnonna senegalensisthat is least toxic and more effective in curtailing the disease
4..Use of Anpnna senegalensis root extracts in broiler is recommended as inexpensive and efficient herbal remedy for effective coccidiosis control without residual effects.
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