Examination of Incidence of Malaria Infestation Caused by Different Species of Plasmodium (a Case Study of Parklane Hospital Enugu)
CHAPTER ONE
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
- The aim of this research project is to demonstrate the incidence of malaria infestation caused by different species of plasmodium
- To identify the commonest species of plasmodium implicated in the attack.
- To identify stages of plasmodium in the patients.
- To confirms the population at risk
- To make recommendation that would assist in the reduction or eradication of malaria especially among children in Enugu metropolis and the society ins general.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
THE PARASITE
The micro-organisms causing malaria are commonly referred to as malaria parasite by (Mornica Cheesbrogh 1998). This term is usually restricted to the family plasmodiidae within the order coccidida, sub-order Haemosporididea, which comprises various parasites found in the blood of reptile, birds and animals. The classification of Haemosporirche as a sub-order of the coccidida is complex and controversial since an alternative system has been proposed by (Cutteridge et al 1977). However (Bernett 1979) classification of Hencocytozoidae has been maintained here. The zoological family of plasmodiidae includes the parasites which undergo too types of multiplication by asexual division (schizogony) in the vertebrate host and a single multiplication (sporogony) in the mosquito host. The genus plasmodium has been defined on the liver of the vertebrate test (exoerythrocytic schrizogony), the other characteristic of the genus is a that he mosquito hosts are various species of Anopheles.
The word “malaria” was used about the year 1927 by John macculloaugh a London physician to described febrile illness associated with swampy places. Previously the term had been used to denote the emanations form marshes and swaps, exposure to which was supposed to cause these illness. In 10880, Laveran, a French Army surgeon, first described microscopic organisms in the blood of malaria patients and associated them with the illness. Rose an English Army surgeon in 1897 proved that analogous parasites in birds were transmitted similarly. Subsequently, the role of Anopheless mosquitoes in the epidemology of human malaria was established by Halian scientist sunder the leadership of Grassi in 1898. Malaria has been a scourge throughout the ages and is still a very important disease in some parts of the world. The world Health organization (WHO) reports in 1948, over three hundred million persons in 1948, over three hundred million persons in the world were afflicted with malaria. Today, the incidence has been reduced by half. In the tropics and subtropics, hovere, malaria still remain a major cause of ill health.
So great is the impact of malaria on the health of man that the disease has over the years continued to earn recognition for itself from individuals committees, governmental agencies etc. Because of its high frequency of occurrence, the WHO has recommended that all febrile illness in malaria endemic areas should receive anti-malarials.
Malaria which was previously referred to as the while man’s killer” Thrives in certain environments where the physical conditions farvour the propagation of its vector. It occurs in almost every part of the world where physiographic factors tend to produce and to maintain propagation, and where the agricultural economy of he region is associated with relatively low standard of living. In those areas a where it exists in endemic state is usually one of the most important diseases from a public health and economic standpoint with which local health agencies have to contend. These conditions seem to be mainly in the tropics regions and so malaria is described as being “essentially a tropical disease that is found in the regions between latitude 620N and 400S and is most commonly found throughout Africa” (Osuntokun 1970).
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
In the detection of malaria parasites in the blood various materials were used for experimental purpose.
The mateirlas are as follows:
- D.T.A. Bottle
- Disposable syringes
- Cotton wool
- Spirit
- Stourniguet
- Pasteur pipet
- Slides / covership
- E D T A solution
- Distilled water
- Stains-Leishman and Giemsa stain
- Oil immension
- Microscope
- Staining rack
PROCUREMENT OF SAMPLE
A blood film is made by use of perfectly clean 2.5mm x 75mm (1 inch x 3 inches) glass slides that are free of grease and scratches blood is obtained with 23 G needle from the earlobe or (preferably) from the forth finger of the left hand or heel if an infant. The skin is cleaned using swab moistened with mentholated spirit and allowed to dry completely. The skin is punched, with a sterile straight needle or a special pricer (microlante). The finger or heel is squeezed gently to obtain a large drop of blood.
For collection of blood through the vein, the tourniquet was used to tight firmly on the upper hand of the patient. Then new syringe and needle was prepared set. The sets of cotton wool, one soaked in mentholated spirit and the other kept dry were set aside. The soaked cotton wool was then applied on the vein line. The needle was then carefully punctured gently through the vein, and the blood carefully collected to avoid damage to the vein tract. The tourniquet was then loosed and the needle withdrawn immediately from the vein. The dry cotton wool was placed on the inserted syrot. The blood sample was immediately put in the E.D.T.A bottle containing E.D. T.A and gently mixed to avoid clothing. The EDTA container must be free from H20 to avoid haemolysis panter available commercially.
Giemsa powder (Azure Btype) 3.8g
Glycerol pure 250ml
Methanol (certified pure) 250ml
The stain is prepared best by mixing alcohol and glycerol and then adding gradually small quantities of the powered in a porcelain mortal and fringing until most of the powder is dissolved some residue may remain and by leaving the mixture for about a week without filtering. The maximum amount of the stain will be absorbed. Then the stock solution is filtered and kept in a bottle of hard glass with a close filtering grand glass stopper and away fran the sunlight
Dilution of Guenusa stain:- the stock solution is diluted by mixing apropriate amount of it with distilled mentral or slightly alkaline water or by using phosphate buffer salts with pot 72.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AN DATA ANALYSIS
RESULTS
Malaria is examined carefully using x100 high power microscope fields. In infections of P.falciparum, only the small ring parasite and the banana like gametocyte are found, a few intra-erythrocytic spots appear particularly noticeable in erythrocytic inhabited by the thicker ring forms.
In P.Vivax, the trophozoites are very irregular in shape and of delicate structure. Many pseudopodia process are seen because the parasites were in active amoeboid movement, at the moment the film was made. The full-grown gametocyte of P.vivax is rounded, with compact chromatin dot and schiffner’s dot Erythrocytic schizogony takes place in the internal organs and therefore only trophozoites (rings) and gametocytes are usually seen in blood films.
In P. ovale, the rings of this specie is stout and large, occupying about one third of the red cells. It have irregular shaped red blood cell with compact chromatin dot and schiffner’s dot.
The ring of P malaria are large, stout rings which measure about one-third diameter of the red cell. The trophozoites of this species are not of the flimsy amoeboid structure but are much more solid-looking with enlarged red blood cell, large chromatin dot and coarse black pigment. The full grown gametocyte is rounded and consist of coarse black pigment and compact chromatin dot.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
DISCUSSION
Malaria is the most important and widespread of parasite diseases in Enugu metropolis with falciparum malaria being responsible for more deaths that any other disease. Plasmodium faciparum is the most prevalent species. This is incidentally the worst offenders in malaria as it leads to various categories of malaria, infection with the highest mobility and mortality rate (Diliello, 1979). It does appear that with 77% prevalence, Enugu metropolis harbours a dangerous species in outstanding proportion.
In regard to the tables, I and III, adult are less attacked than children. There is a clear cut statistical significance different level in children more than that of adult. Children suffer repeated attacks from the age of a few months. Those who do not die, have a substantial immunity by the age of five or six years. There is a little variation in the six years. T here is a little variation in the incidence of malaria from year to year, although there may be marked seasonal fluctuations particularly in children.
It was proved from the test carried out that P. falciparum has the highest frequency followed by Plasmodium vivax. The records or plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malaria showed no statistically difference. Both frequencies on however negligible.
RECOMMNEDATION
The following recommendations are adequate measures against the malaria infestation Government should implement a health policy that will give the poor and less privileged members of the society the opportunity to receive health services at affordable costs.
Proper drainage systems should be provided in the town and septic tanks prevented from overfilling, they should also be properly covered with cement slabs.
There should be a vigorous attempt by the Enugu city council or its agencies to clear the thick bushes and forests that serve as breeding ground for mosquitoes.
Diagnosis of malaria based on clinical symptoms alone is not reliable. It can result in necessary expenditure and inappropriate use of antimatarial drugs and a delay in establishing a correct diagnosis and treatment of a patient.
An early and accurate diagnosus of falciparum malaria in non-immune adults and pregnant women is also important. Sit is also malaria with record chroloquine resistance.
A lot of drugs can be used to take care of malaria which includes: camoquine, fansider, halfan. Metakaffin, chroroquine. Among all these drugs, chloroquine has been found to be the best although it has some side effect which include itching and ophalmological problems (after long usage). These side effect not withstanding chloroquine is still the drug of choice in malaria treatment
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, malaria can be a very pressing health problem within the society, so much is lost economically in terms of input to work and school attendance as a result of malaria attacks. The cytological diagnosis of malaria infection in parklane Hospital as conducted revealed that P. falcipaum is the most prevalent of the four species of human malaria. Prevalent is higher in children than in adult. So therefore children should be taken care of in order to avoid exposure to malaria attack. This can be achieved by adequate clothing and keeping the environment clean
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