An Epidemiology Survey for Sctristosomiasis Among Pupils in Amagunze Community in Nkanu Local Government Area in Enugu
Chapter One
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the epidemiology of Schistosomiasis among pupil of Ishielu Amagunze in Nkanu local government.
To educate the pupils with respect to the disease on the mode of infection and identify ways of preventing and controlling the disease.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Schistosomiasis or Bilharzia is a group of drronic disease caused by schistose a small parasitic worm (Flukers) first recognized in Egypt 1851 by a German pathologist Bilharz. He first discovered the pathogen of urogentital Schistosomiasis in over 400 autopsies he carried out in Egypt. Thus, he called the disease it name Bilharziasis. It is a sever endemic disease of man caused by the following species of schistosomas haematobum, S mansion S Japonicum which multiply in fresh water snail as intermediate host.
Schistosnma haematobum has been a scourge of great agriculture avilzation of the middle east for millennia and it is still today a major cause of disease and death in the fertile river valleys. It is also endemic throughout most African, and through south west Asia as far as iran, posing a resk for visitors to any of the regions named (Lichtenberg and Lehman 1986). Being a significant health problem Schistosomiasis is widely spread in many parts of the world including China, Brazd, far East, South America, west made and Africa. It is widely known in almost 76 countries the largest number occurred in Brazil, central Africa, Egypt, Sudan and Philppine. In most recent publication the WHO (1980) described schristosomiasis as a major tropical disease caused by water borne parameter afflicting some 200 million people.
The 100mms leves inside the veins of the affected organ of the body and the name was derived from the cleft body (Shistosome) the male worm. Schistomiasis is today the most important human disease caused by animal parasites. Although hookworm disease has gradually decreased as a public health problem in many parts of the world and chloroquire and insecticide have suddenly sharply topped the balance against malaria, Schistosomiasis seems to be on the upgrade it is very wide spread and associated with poverty, poor housing and inadequate sanitary activities good water supply and insanitary uman behavior (Bayer 1984).
Schistosomiasis represent a constant threat to as many as 600million people as they perform daily activities related to water. It is well known that schistomiasis can only survive if men and women, children who came into contract with and contaminate the fresh water around them, and if the right kind of snail also lives in that same water (WHO 1980) Schistosomiasis are ordinarily contacted from water containing the infective forms of the parasite called cercariae that develop in the snail unclear able to perpetrate unbroken skin. A sctrstosoma cercanae has a forkedtail. Irrigation projects aimed at improving the welfare of the people have actually been to Egypt at the suezcanal dam and also in Ghana construction of new water resources in Tropical countries from small ponds to long man mades takes is often associated with highrate of infection as illustrated by the new absolute prevalence around lake votta in Ghana (BAYERS 1984, UNDP, WORD BANK WHO 1980) infection is acquired by exposure to wafer that harbors the infected Building snail host in endemic foci, it usually first manifest itself in children or aclotescent by apparently in consequential haematire followed by an asymptotic period that may persist indefinitely or may be followed by obstructer uropathy with or without bacterial super infection leading to renal failure or death (parasitic disease of the gemtourinary system) after lichterberg and Lehman (1986) S mansion cause intestinal schnossmiasis. There are several different strains of S mansoni. In 1981 the minimum number of persons infected with S mansoni was estimated to be about 57 million S mansoni requires a species of aquatic snail belonging to genus Biornphalaries in which to polyembrysnate and develop its infective cercanial stage. The snail is found among vegetation in leghthy shaded slow to moderate flowing shallow water schristosoma . in 1982, it was estimated that some 5% of the world population lived in S Japonicum endemic areas. S japonicum is found in china and also in parts of the Philippines and western Indonesia.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The presence of schistosnma haematobium or urinary Schistosomiasis in man can often be inferred by clinical examination Nevertheless, the only certain way of diagnosing schistosnma haematobium is to look for its ova in the urine sample of infected persons or patients. Specimens foe laboratory diagnosis must be properly collected handled and examined.
PRECAUTIONS
Contact with the infected urine is a potential source of infection therefore, when examining urine samples, the following precautionary measures should be observed.
- The urine sample should be collected in a clean container, free form antiseptics care must be taken that it will not mix with stool
- The container should be properly labelled.
- The sample should be examined before the hatding period
- The required amount of urine sample should be taken form the container with disposable applicable such as syringes and the container top immediately screwed up again.
- Protective clothing (Laboratory crat) should be worm to prevent contaminating four clothes and carrying infection home
- Laboratory must be thoroughly cleansed with disinfectant.
STUDY AREA
The study was carried out in Ishielu community primary school, in Nkanu East local government area of Enugu state. This community is located about 65km North east of Enugu the state capital. This is thickly populated community massively involved in the cultivation of plam oil, yam (discoreal) cassava root (manihot) cocoyam, vegetable and rice. The community is totally rural with poor road network and poor water supply. The inhabitant lack pipe water and depend on several non seasonal streams scattered in the area and the main river Afavu for their water needs.
However, Ishielu community primary school is primarily rural in forms of infrastructure and urbanization. The school is among the primary school near river Atavu, made up of three building partitioned into 12 class rooms and attached office for the headmaster and one packing store. It has about (200) two hurdled pupils between the ages of 5 to 19 years old with 12 class teacher.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
The purpose of this research work has been to obtain information of the prevalence of schistosoma haematobium among pupil of Ishielu primary school in Ishielu in Amangunze
Out of fifty (50) samples of urine examined (31) thirty one showed positive while nineteen (19 samples were negative. There is no doubt about this because schistosoma haematobium occur in high leveling population living under condition of frequent community is one of such area.
The information shows that children between the average age of 6-12 years have a prevalence of 9290. However rate in children increase rapidly form year to year and thus they are the most sensitive group in which to detect a drop of transmission as a result of control.
Table II Age specific prevalence of urinary Schistosomiasis from 50 urine sample analyzed.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
The prevalence of schristoma haematobium in Ishielu in Amagunze community among primary school children between the agerange of 6 –12 years is high based on the result of this investigation as a stated by (Ozumba, 1983)
Out of 50 pupils samples, 31 pupils were infected with schistosnma haematobium. This is likely due to the great abundance of snail species Bulinus fruncatus (Akriso) found in river Atavu in Ishelu, Amagunze community. The prevalence was found more in males than the female. This may be due to the fact that for males at 6-10 years their major bobby is swimming and at 9-10 they start other activities such as football etc female are prevalence in areas where they help their mothers to carry out some domestic work in the river and like fetching water, washing etc.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Since the concept of this study aims moistly at the confirmation of the senstosomasis prevalence in Ishielu in Amagunze community. In conclusion the Epideniology of schistosoma haematobium in Ishielu in Amagunze community indicates that river Atavu should not be harnessed as a recreational resort, unless the infected water is treated to confined the level of schistosoma haematobium in the community.
A good sewagel sanitary measures are therefore required to be adopted in the community so as to reduce the prevalence and intensity of infection to a level which no longer constitutes a disease problem.
These could be achieved if the following are carried out.
- providing safe water supplies in villages to reduces as much as possible contact with infected water.
- Proper sewage disposal to avoid infecting the water with shristosoma eggs
- providing safe recreational bathing sites especially for children
- avoiding the use of untreated faces as fertilizer.
- Treat with molluscdes like copper selphate Bayer 73 to cause bionomics.
REFERENCES
- Anderson, J.R (1976) Muirs textbook of pathology, 10th edition smith, A.L (1981) principles of microbiology 9th edition C.Umasby company, London Pp 532- 537.
- Baillaries (1989) midwifery dictionary
- Bayer (1984) progress in the fight against Schistosomiasis
- Betterton (1981) personnel communication in the south chad irrigation sheme and abaurime near Benin city in Bendel State
- Chesbrough Monica (1998) medical laboratory for tropical countries vol. II. Microbiology Britain ElBs Publishers PP 236-239
- Cowper S.G (1971) A synopsis of African Bilharziasis London, HK lewis Co Ltd. pp. 1-268
- Dewes, B (1974) Advances in parasitology volume 12, Academic press London PP. 115-125
- Hira P.R and Muller, R (1966) studies on the ecology of snails transmitting urinary Schistosomiasis in western Nigeria.
