Examination of Incidence of Malaria Infestation Caused by Different Species of Plasmodium
CHAPTER ONE
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
- The aim of this research project is to demonstrate the incidence of malaria infestation caused by different species of plasmodium
- To identify the commonest species of plasmodium implicated in the attack.
- To identify stages of plasmodium in the patients.
- To confirms the population at risk
- To make recommendation that would assist in the reduction or eradication of malaria especially among children in Enugu metropolis and the society ins general.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
THE PARASITE
The micro-organisms causing malaria are commonly referred to as malaria parasite by (Mornica Cheesbrogh 1998). This term is usually restricted to the family plasmodiidae within the order coccidida, sub-order Haemosporididea, which comprises various parasites found in the blood of reptile, birds and animals. The classification of Haemosporirche as a sub-order of the coccidida is complex and controversial since an alternative system has been proposed by (Cutteridge et al 1977). However (Bernett 1979) classification of Hencocytozoidae has been maintained here. The zoological family of plasmodiidae includes the parasites which undergo too types of multiplication by asexual division (schizogony) in the vertebrate host and a single multiplication (sporogony) in the mosquito host. The genus plasmodium has been defined on the liver of the vertebrate test (exoerythrocytic schrizogony), the other characteristic of the genus is a that he mosquito hosts are various species of Anopheles.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
In the detection of malaria parasites in the blood various materials were used for experimental purpose.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AN DATA ANALYSIS
RESULTS
Malaria is examined carefully using x100 high power microscope fields. In infections of P.falciparum, only the small ring parasite and the banana like gametocyte are found, a few intra-erythrocytic spots appear particularly noticeable in erythrocytic inhabited by the thicker ring forms.
In P.Vivax, the trophozoites are very irregular in shape and of delicate structure. Many pseudopodia process are seen because the parasites were in active amoeboid movement, at the moment the film was made. The full-grown gametocyte of P.vivax is rounded, with compact chromatin dot and schiffner’s dot Erythrocytic schizogony takes place in the internal organs and therefore only trophozoites (rings) and gametocytes are usually seen in blood films.
In P. ovale, the rings of this specie is stout and large, occupying about one third of the red cells. It have irregular shaped red blood cell with compact chromatin dot and schiffner’s dot.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
DISCUSSION
Malaria is the most important and widespread of parasite diseases in Enugu metropolis with falciparum malaria being responsible for more deaths that any other disease. Plasmodium faciparum is the most prevalent species. This is incidentally the worst offenders in malaria as it leads to various categories of malaria, infection with the highest mobility and mortality rate (Diliello, 1979). It does appear that with 77% prevalence, Enugu metropolis harbours a dangerous species in outstanding proportion.
In regard to the tables, I and III, adult are less attacked than children. There is a clear cut statistical significance different level in children more than that of adult. Children suffer repeated attacks from the age of a few months. Those who do not die, have a substantial immunity by the age of five or six years. There is a little variation in the six years. T here is a little variation in the incidence of malaria from year to year, although there may be marked seasonal fluctuations particularly in children.
It was proved from the test carried out that P. falciparum has the highest frequency followed by Plasmodium vivax. The records or plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malaria showed no statistically difference. Both frequencies on however negligible.
RECOMMNEDATION
The following recommendations are adequate measures against the malaria infestation Government should implement a health policy that will give the poor and less privileged members of the society the opportunity to receive health services at affordable costs.
Proper drainage systems should be provided in the town and septic tanks prevented from overfilling, they should also be properly covered with cement slabs.
There should be a vigorous attempt by the Enugu city council or its agencies to clear the thick bushes and forests that serve as breeding ground for mosquitoes.
Diagnosis of malaria based on clinical symptoms alone is not reliable. It can result in necessary expenditure and inappropriate use of antimatarial drugs and a delay in establishing a correct diagnosis and treatment of a patient.
An early and accurate diagnosus of falciparum malaria in non-immune adults and pregnant women is also important. Sit is also malaria with record chroloquine resistance.
A lot of drugs can be used to take care of malaria which includes: camoquine, fansider, halfan. Metakaffin, chroroquine. Among all these drugs, chloroquine has been found to be the best although it has some side effect which include itching and ophalmological problems (after long usage). These side effect not withstanding chloroquine is still the drug of choice in malaria treatment
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, malaria can be a very pressing health problem within the society, so much is lost economically in terms of input to work and school attendance as a result of malaria attacks. The cytological diagnosis of malaria infection in parklane Hospital as conducted revealed that P. falcipaum is the most prevalent of the four species of human malaria. Prevalent is higher in children than in adult. So therefore children should be taken care of in order to avoid exposure to malaria attack. This can be achieved by adequate clothing and keeping the environment clean
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