Appraisal of the Impact of Mass Media Campaign Menace of Corruption in Nigeria
CHAPTER ONE
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are;
- To know whether NTA report bribery and corruption activities in
- To study challenges facing NTA in reporting corrupt activities of the Nigerian leaders.
- To know whether NTA educative and enlightenment programmes have reduced corruption in Nigeria.
- To examine the extent in which ownership influence can affect NTA in reporting on corrupt leaders.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Perspectives on Corruption
Many scholars and human rights activists have defined or described corruption in different ways. Corruption continues to have contested meanings because of cultural relativity, resulting in different perceptions of the concept. Lawal (2007) opines that “corruption can be described as the conscious attempt or deliberate diversion of resources from the satisfaction of the general interest to that of self (personal) interest” (p. 3). Corruption enables the beneficiaries to get what they do not deserve from public funds. Thus, in a society where corruption thrives, the entire public space becomes unjust, tyrannical, and discriminatory. Parochial and selfish interests determine decisions and actions of leaders and the led. Where corruption is not checked itexacerbates poverty, as funds meant for developmental projects instead line the pockets of individuals who are likely to channel such stolen funds into non-productive use. In this context, stealing of public funds is aptly described as structural violence, where individuals or groups are denied access or opportunity due to differential or unequal access to social resources. Adewale (2011) cited in Nageri, Gunu, and Abdul (2013) explain corruption as an “act of diverting the resources that should have been used for developmental purposes of the society to private or personal use” (p. 49). Adewale further states that “corruption has a crowding-out effect on the growth and development of the country (Op. cit. p. 50). Corruption has damaging effects on the social fabrics. Ademowo and Ojo (2014) rightly posit that corruption leads to exclusion, poverty, and uneven processes that lead to inequalities including (1) marginalization and social and economic exclusion, which may lead to frustration; (2) exacerbated grievance/aggression, which may lead to violence; (3) the undermining of human rights by fueling social unrest and violence; and (4) the increasing precariousness of social economics and political rights of individuals. Corruption manifests in different ways. Various forms of corruption in the global context include bribery, kickback, over-invoicing, an outright collection of money without evidence of job done, inflated contracts, money for a vote or just put monetization of the electoral processes, nepotism and favoritism, manipulation of figures, outright fraud, and legislative arm twisting.
The Mass Media
The mass media continue to grow and take different forms in contemporary world. Modern classifications of mass media genres include the print media, the audio-visual media, and the new media. Other thinkers classify them as print and electronic media. There are also traditional media and social media categories. However, in this paper focus is on the print media and electronic media, which are generally called “traditional” mass media by many contemporary scholars. Perspectives on the role, purpose, and definition of “mass media” cover nearly the entire spectrum of human communication. Chapman (2013) defines the mass media as those “agencies of communication that convey information, education, news, and entertainment to mass audiences” (p. 779).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought appraisal of the impact of mass media campaign menace of corruption in Nigeria.
Sources of data collection
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
(i)Primary source and
(ii)Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
Population of the study
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is interested in getting information on Appraisal of the impact of mass media campaign menace of corruption in Nigeria. 200 staffs of NTA, Abuja was selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected from the respondents were analyzed in tabular form with simple percentage for easy understanding.
A total of 133(one hundred and thirty three) questionnaires were distributed and 133 questionnaires were returned.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain appraisal of the impact of mass media campaign menace of corruption in Nigeria.
In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of appraisal of the impact of mass media campaign menace of corruption in Nigeria
Summary
This study was on Appraisal of the impact of mass media campaign menace of corruption in Nigeria. Four objectives were raised which included: To know whether NTA report bribery and corruption activities in Nigeria, to study challenges facing NTA in reporting corrupt activities of the Nigerian leaders, to know whether NTA educative and enlightenment programmes have reduced corruption in Nigeria, to examine the extent in which ownership influence can affect NTA in reporting on corrupt leaders. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 staff of NTA Abuja. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made up production managers, news correspondents, editor and junior staff were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
Conclusion
The role of the media is critical in efforts against corruption. As a result, there must be careful structuring of the relationship between anti-corruption officials and, in many cases, there must also be efforts to develop or enhance the capabilities of the media to ensure that they can function effectively as recipients of information about corruption, appraise such information in an independent manner, use it meaningfully as the basis of further communications and disseminate it to the general public. In addition to independence and credibility, critical functions of the journalistic media include their ability to digest and render detailed technical materials accessible to the general population. This is essential to general awareness raising and public education, but also entails a high degree of responsibility and the exercise of discretion, since it necessarily involves editorial or “gatekeeping” exercises, in which the media must decide which information to report and which to leave out
Recommendation
The media should be able to reach as much of the population as possible. Where that involves use of public resources, for example to enable coverage of remote areas, there should be controls in place to ensure that the Government cannot withhold such resources to exert influence on the media. The media not only raises public awareness by disseminating information regarding the misuse of public power, but it can influence civil society to support Government anti-corruption initiatives. Moreover, journalists, editors and newspaper owners can take on an active role against corruption by facilitating public debate on the need to introduce anti-corruption policies and measures. It is essential to raise awareness on the part of the media of the causes, costs, levels, types and locations of corruption in their country, as well as to explain the on-going efforts of all stakeholders against corruption. Furthermore, journalists should be taught how to evaluate and monitor Government activities, and informed about the achievements and standards of anticorruption work in the region and at the international level. If journalists are to compare the validity of the policies of their own Government with others and to report on them in the proper perspective, such background information is essential. Internal diversity and pluralism within the media community also develops a capability whereby the media can report on corruption in their own profession.
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