Design and Implementation of Lighting Switching Control System (Interface)
Chapter One
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
This professional documentation focuses on using serial interface hardware built on a microcontroller and max 232 serial converters. They ensure that the high negative -15 volts and + 15 volts of the serial RS232 comport are converted and programmed to suit the CPC logic levels. The system is responsible for controlling, energy management and system diagnostic functions. Tracking of all lighting activities, especially bulbs. In a place where the prepaid meter is in use, it could help reduce the cost.
CHAPTER TWO
LITEREATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this chapter is to provide an impression of the kinds and scope of the relevant existing research study. In 1977-78 crisp et.al. (36-37) reported a preliminary study on automated artificial light control in accordance with variation of daylight. The purpose was to supplement the available daylight art the task area with just enough electric light to meet the design level. The idea of computerized control of artificial light intended for daylight harvesting was primarily introduced in 1987 by CRAB et.al (38-39). They developed a self commissioning adaptive algorithm well enough for the real time prediction ofn natural light levels using the external vertical plane luminance measurements.
This attempt of the authors could be viewed as frame work for the model based lighting control scheme. Rubinstein et al (4) presented a first documented demonstration of the close loop photocell control system that could correctly compensate for both, changes in daylight as well as human depreciation of electric lighting system. A novel two Part photocell and electronic dimming ballast capable of providing dimming range from 100% to 70% were employed in the study. Their experimental results (40) show a lighting energy saving of approximately 50% due to integrated operation of day lighting human maintenance and scheduling.
Benefits of hybridization between simulation and machine leaving can be advantageously used for the purpose of light control. The reason is that such a controller would progressively learn to adapt to building and environmental characteristics (29). Caullenin and moral (41-42) implemented architecture of a lighting controller using GA which could integrate itself into an advanced building control system according to user wisher. In their process, they compared three controllers, a manual control system, an automatic controller without user adaptation, and an automatic controller with user adaptation.
The main benefit of automatic controllers was the reduction of total energy consumption with 26% energy savings compared with the reference case of manual control.
In a simulation work, seongychary (43) established that analytical approaches assisted by inductive learning aids the daylight responsive lighting control strategy. The author (43) used multiple hybrid controllers to accomplish four control goals mainly enriching the informational reporter of systems control operations for lighting (by inclusion of performance indicators for glove and solar gain), reducing the number of sensing units necessary and capturing the states of the of predictions necessary for the identification of the best control option, and maximizing the searches in the lighting system control state space within a limited time. The resulting hybrid prototype control system hybrid intelligence for system state transition operation (HISSTO) has been evaluated by the author (43) to conform to specified visual performance indicators such as average luminance and uniformity. However, the energy conservation aspect is not investigated in the research (43). This seamless prototype controller using neural network was tested and implemented through a web-based interface with a view to minimize data dependency and sensor dependency (43). Yet, it is found to be a complex strategy involving simulation assisted ANN based control of integrated schemes. Kurian et al. (44) shows a possibility of using a model based artificial light control technology. An attempt has been made by the same author in (10) for applying simulation assisted computational model for adaptive predictive control in a daylight artificial integrated scheme for energy saving visual comfort, and thermal comfort. For maximizing energy saving whole optimizing the performance and the quality of the visual environment the author proposed an integrated scheme comprising of (a) a system identification approach for lighting control strategy, (b) a fuzzy logic based window blind controller to reduce glare, increase uniformity and thermal comfort, (c) an adoptive predictive control scheme for the dimming of artificial light. In addition, the scheme was a designed as to coordinate and control the automated electric lights as the window blind systems per user presence and user wishers. The authoƌ͛s simulation result (10) carried out for tropical climates of manipal, south India using test reference year (TRY) 2005 showed that ANFIS light dimming with the fuzzy blind controller designed only for glare control showed an increased annual energy saving of 35% to 60% according to window orientation.
However, authors approach involved only simulation environment and training the controller with offline data simulated from radiance loyalty software.
Therefore, the possibilities of the controller being effective under the varying performance requirements due to the parameter variations and disturbances are limited. The authors (100 recommended that real time adoptive predictive light control scheme modeled with real time measurements, online performance predictors and design procedures would yield robust controller performance.
The potential of day lighting in the tropical regions has been recognized since then 1960s (45). Before the day lighting is to be utilized as a building-environment technology it is very important to consider the need for a daylight and energy performance characteristics of the system and building (46). Nevertheless, reliable prediction of daylight availability in indoor environments via computational simulation, it requires a reassembly detailed exterior illuminance model. Exterior daylight availability in terms of global and diffuse illuminance value is absolutely essential while evaluating its energy saving potential in a light artificial integrated scheme and also in many interior daylight modeling and simulation tools. Most fundamental daylight and solar research studies conducted by the corditects and engineers are based on the data taken from the meteorology stations. Exterior horizontal and vertical daylight illuminance in particular, are recorded only at a relatively few weather stations. Fortunately metrogical offices world-wide measure and archive exterior horizontal global and diffuse irradiation data.
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
The aim of system analysis is to ensure the proper execution of the right decision is taken. System analysis reveals major problem areas that should be discarded.
But once the basic operations that generate poor performances in the old system are determined, the tendency that the new system will produce the same problem is highly reduced or minimized tremendously.
The objectives of system analysis include; Identify the user need. Evaluate the system concept for feasibility Allocate functions to hardware software, people, database and other system elements.
Create a system definition that forms the foundation for subsequent engineering work.
ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM
In Nigeria today light are been regulated at home and at work (offices) manually. nThe regulation of light always requires one to move from one pole to another in other to switch on or off the light. In this system, each pole may require a switch. The controls are installed or incorporated in the built environment such as the poles, walls or attached to light which people place them. Due to the different switches placed on a bulb, it often leads to a jumble of controls i.e. each wit their own location, interception style and focus.
This system does not have prior information about bulbs. The system cannot tell whether bulb is dead or not. All it does is switch off and on light. This system cannot manage lighting operations or activities but can only on and off light. It consumes energy and only needs a two wire control.
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLETATION
INTRODUCTION
System design is a process sorting by which a new system is design or developed after sorting out the problems associated with an existing system. However, system design covers the design of the new system after a detailed study of the present system which specifies the expected output and identifies the input requirements of the proposed system for better performance. Structure system analysis and design methodology were adopted during the design phase to provide a hierarchical top down design of the proposed system.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY
In brief a summary, the new system has shown a good number of achievement which include; less usage of energy, motoring of all lighting equipment such as the bulb, management of all the lighting equipment usury of a single button to switch on or off light feedback i.e. message alerting and accuracy measure in switching.
CONCLUSION
This project in terms of Hardware and software was fully implemented. The software was produced in triplicate on CD-ROM. The software is easily installable and runs on windows XP and seven.
RECOMMENDATION
The idea of computerization is to design and develop a system which is accurate in switching and easy to use. In line with this, the following recommendations an made for proper and efficient running of the system.
Power failure may lead to difficulties if it is not very frequent, therefore, installation of an un interrupted power supply system is the system should be closely monitored in order to be acquitted with it and equally make an adjustment wherever the need arises.
The software should be installed in more than one system at home. If possible, install in the kitchen system sitting room and bed room.
SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDIES
The following features can be included or work on by the next research of this project.
A microprocessor can be used instead of a microcontroller if large amount of controls and program data base are to be developed for thousands of highly points.
The program can be written so it could, be access from any pc in the computer LAN.
The interface can be designed to be wireless with infrared or blue both tooth to the serial port.
Voice communication can be included so that the bulbs can go off as a particular voice is used as input.
With the above mentioned additions, I hope a real improvement in this work would be made.
REFERENCES
- Bazavi, B., (1995). Principles of Data conversion system Design, the EEE Press New York.
- Bongers, A.J and van der Veer G.C, (2007). Towards a multimodal interaction space, catergorization and application, Jorunal of personal and Ubiwuitous computing, 11/8, 609-619.
- Bongers A. J, (March 2004). Interaction with our electronic environment-an e-cological approach to physical interface design, department of Journalism and communication, Cashier Book series no 34.
- Crab et. Al, (1987). Artificial Light intended for daylight harvesting, pp(33-39). Crisp et.al, (1977-78). Automatic Artificial light Control, pp (36-37)
- Douglass V.H, (2003). Microprocessors and interfacing, 2nd Edition.
- Gershenfeld N, Krikorian R, Cohen D, (2004). The internet of things, in: scientific American, 75-81 OZCH1, (2011). Australian conference on computer-human interaction, canbera Australia, P 42.
